反哺与分配:金融中介对经济增长的影响

企业家能力与物质资本的结合可以促进经济增长,而这两种要素禀赋可能由不同的个体持有,因此,只有在个体间合理分配这两个要素的报酬,经济才能增长。本文给出微观机制来表明企业家能力异质的一群个体如何形成金融中介联盟,并在个体层面引进无穷期动态拉姆齐模型,个体通过优化自身的选择而促进整个社会的经济增长。我们还给出了富人扶持穷人的价格涓流效应和反哺涓流效应,来描述金融中介对经济增长以及收入分配影响的途径。     

反哺与分配：金融中介对经济增长的影响

企业家能力与物质资本的结合可以促进经济增长，而这两种要素禀赋可能由不同的个体持有，因此，只有在个体间合理分配这两个要素的报酬，经济才能增长。本文给出微观机制来表明企业家能力异质的一群个体如何形成金融中介联盟，并在个体层面引进无穷期动态拉姆齐模型，个体通过优化自身的选择而促进整个社会的经济增长。我们还给出了富人扶持穷人的价格涓流效应和反哺涓流效应，来描述金融中介对经济增长以及收入分配影响的途径。     

收入不平等、政策偏向与最优财政再分配政策

本文构建的理论模型探讨了收入不平等、政策偏向与最优财政再分配之间的关系。模型显示:政策偏向是收入不平等与财政再分配恶性循环的决定因素。当政策偏向于穷人时,最优财政再分配系统的选择是提高税率,扩大对穷人的转移支付;当政策偏向于富人时,最优财政再分配系统的选择是降低税率,减少对穷人的转移支付。依据中国数据的实证研究发现:(1)中国收入不平等不断恶化,针对恶化的不平等而采取的财政再分配政策效果差,没能扭转不平等恶化趋势,政策偏向严重。(2)税收再分配政策偏向富人,使富人税负相对轻于穷人,居民收入不平等加剧;偏向于穷人的转移支付多为消费券(物),导致越扶越贫。为此,需要从调整所得税和转移支付政策等方面采取相关对策。     

高度警惕收入分配不平等对经济增长的负面影响

1.从政治经济机制的角度来分析不平等对经济增长的损害。因为税前收入分配不平等会导致政府对资源的再分配和政策的再调整(包括以税收等形式的直接再分配、政府公共项目、立法管制)活动,或者富人为阻止政府再分配而进行的院外活动等浪费经济资源的活动,这将使得经济信号发生扭曲,投资减少,最终损害经济增长。2.从社会冲突与产权保护机制角度来分析不平等对经济增长的损害。一般认为不平等会导致穷人从事犯罪、暴乱等破坏性活动,同时富人需要花费资源来保护财产,这加剧了社会不安定从而导致国家法规不稳定,增加了整个社会的不确定性,投资产权…     

中国卫生筹资的再分配效应

利用2006年中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据和类似于税收再分配的分解方法,将卫生筹资的再分配效应分为三部分:累进效应、水平平等效应和再排序效应。卫生筹资增加了收入不平等,表现出了亲富人的再分配,主要原因在于水平不平等和再排序效应,如果相同收入的人群进行相同的卫生支付,再分配效应将会降低64%,另一原因在于卫生筹资系统的累退性。在同为从穷人到富人的再分配中,农村卫生筹资亲富人的再分配程度高于城市;农村卫生筹资的累退程度大于城市;农村卫生筹资的水平不平等小于城市。     

中国经济的增长和贫困的减少--1990-1999年的趋势研究

本文考察了中国1990年以来的贫困和分配不均问题，并对贫困的减少进行了分析以显示经济增长的最大受益者，我们发现：（1）1990年代以来各种贫困线下的贫困人口都大量减少；（2）经济增长显著促进了贫困率的下降，而同时不断增长的分配不均又使贫困率上升；（3）穷人在经济增长中的获益少于富人；（4）我们检验了人力资本、经济增长和贫困的关系，发现在人力资本储备上存在着严重的地区不均衡，教育的分布正变得越来越不对称。     

贫困、增长与收入分配差距——基于中、印、俄、巴四国Panel Data模型的分析

过去一段时间,由于一些国家经济持续增长,贫困人口大大减少,但是经验表明,经济增长并非是根除贫困的灵丹妙药,单纯的经济增长并不必然地导致贫困人口数量的下降,这是因为大多数的经济增长都是不"平衡的",富人、开放地区以及新兴产业增长速度较快,而穷人、落后地区和产业往往受惠极少,这种分配上的不平等常常让增长的减贫效应事倍功半,甚至还可能使贫困人口意外地增加.本文利用世界银行提供的有关中、印、俄、巴四国的数据,利用面板数据的模型,将收入增长、收入分配差距方面的变化对贫困人口数量的影响量化,进而从经验上证明,惠及穷人的"亲贫式"增长才是根除贫穷的关键.     

我国个人所得税对收入分配的影响

现阶段,我国收入分配一直处于不公平的状态,而且呈现出日趋扩大的态势。我国通过征收累进税率制个人所得税进行调节,但其结果并不乐观,并且收入分配的差距甚至反向扩大了。这是由于累进税率制个人所得税对收入分配的作用逐渐淡化,已经不能很好地起到调节作用。单一制个人所得税可以降低富人的税率,减小富人的避税动机,增加政府的税收收入,更多地补给穷人,从而实现收入分配公平的目标。     

用收入增长绑架CPI

CPI的高低,既不是根据穷人的多少决定的,也不是根据富人的多少来决定的,而是根据市场供求关系决定,CPI可以在不同的产品上有不同的表现,但对穷人与富人一样公平。     

增长和不平等——理解当代趋势和政治选择

经济增长可以使富人受益,也理应使穷人受益。然而,近年来,无论是富国与穷国的跨国比较还是富国或穷国国内的比较,贫富差距都是惊人的。一些穷人并未享受到经济全球化和经济增长带来的好处。本文时全球性不平等和一些国家的国内不平等状况进行了分析,介绍了国际社会应对贫困和不平等的策略,并认为创新出更为公正的制度才是根本出路。     

Health, Wealth, Fertility, Education, and Inequality

The authors use a new cross-country dataset to estimate the strength of the links between different dimensions of social and economic development, including indicators of health, fertility, and education, as well as material wellbeing. This differs from previous studies in employing data for different income groups in each country in order to provide direct evidence on factors driving inequality, and in using a unique measure of material wellbeing that does not rely on PPP comparisons.     

IPR,Trade, FDI,and Technology Transfer

In this survey, we discuss how intellectual property rights （IPR） protection in the South affects trade flows, foreign direct investment （FDI） flows, and technology transfers from the North to the South. We also discuss optimal IPR policies and their effect on innovation. Our discussion covers both theoretical studies and empirical evidence. This survey is both comprehensive and critical. It aims to give readers the current state of IPR and globalization literature. Some issues have been studied more thoroughly, whereas for others the surface has only been scratched upon. This survey gives readers a clearer picture of the literature and may help them find future research topics.     

Trade,Remittances, Institutions,and Economic Growth

This paper empirically investigates the role of trade, remittances, and institutions in economic development in a large sample of developing countries using recently developed instruments for all these variables. Both cross-country (over 30 years) and dynamic panel data (over 5-year periods) regressions of growth rates on instrumented trade, remittances, and institutions provide evidence of a significant impact of trade, institutions, and remittances on growth. While institutions foster growth, remittances hamper it. The effect of trade on growth is positive in cross-sectional regressions but ambiguous in dynamic panel data regressions. These results are indicative of a more important role for trade in explaining growth in the very long run compared with over shorter horizons.     

Country terms of trade: trends,unit roots,over-differencing,endogeneity, time dummies,and heterogeneity

The debate about the Prebisch-Singer thesis has focused on primary commodities with some extensions to manufactures. We analyse trends in country terms-of-trade for goods and services rather than those for commodities according to the World Bank income classification. We find that the natural logarithm of the terms of trade for all groups except for the poorest has common unit roots, but none has individual unit roots. As low-income countries have no unit roots over-differencing is inefficient and biases significance levels in first differences against the fall in the terms of trade. For the low-income countries the terms of trade of goods and services are falling at a rate that is significantly negative without and with endogeneity treatment by system GMM. A comprehensive analysis of the effects of time dummies supports the result of falling terms of trade for low-income countries. When all coefficients are country-specific 50% of all low-income countries have falling terms of trade in a simultaneous equation estimation using the SUR method. Food and financial crisis have no effect on the number of countries with falling terms of trade, but (dis-)improve the terms of trade or the significance of the results for a very small number of countries.     

Inflation,money, interest rate,exchange rate,and casuality: the case of Egypt,Morocco, and Tunisia

This study provides further evidence of the inflationary efects of the rates of growth of money supply, gross domestic product, efective exchange rate, and imported inflation for Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia using quarterly data from 1964 to 1990. In addition, it examines the Granger causality between inflation and money supply as well as between inflation and the real exchange rate in the countries under consideration. Most of the results are consistent with extant theory and empirical evidence.     

Basic income,liberal neutrality,socialism, and work

Liberal critics often object to basic income (BI) on the grounds that it violates reciprocity and is biased toward those who choose voluntarily to opt out of work and thus violate the principle of liberal neutrality toward conceptions of the good life. In the first part of this paper I argue that liberal neutrality favors BI. Marxist critics of BI are less likely to accept liberal neutrality, but I argue in the second part that the argument for BI in the first part applies with equal force to Marxist objections that BI is unfairly exploitative of workers. Marxists are also less likely to accept current labor market trends, seeing socialism as affording more opportunity for guaranteeing everyone a right to decent work, and suspecting BI of making the unfair inequalities of capitalism a little more palatable while diverting attention from a more equitable socialist alternative. I argue that BI is not incompatible with socialism or Marxism, and should not be opposed to but rather combined with strategies for full employment.