A natural experiment in the organization of entry-level labor markets: regional markets for new physicians and surgeons in the United Kingdom

The histories of seven regional markets for new physicians and surgeons in the United Kingdom are considered. Like the American market, these markets have experienced failures that led to the adoption of centralized market mechanisms. Because different regions employ different centralized mechanisms, these markets provide a test of the hypothesis that the success of the American market is related to the fact that it produces matches which are stable in the sense that no two agents mutually prefer to be matched to one another than to their assigned partners. Even in the more complex U.K. markets, this kind of stability plays an important role. Centralized markets that produced unstable matches in environments in which agents could act upon instabilities fared no better than the decentralized markets they replaced.     

North America: A case for economic integration

The recent protectionist trend in trade policy in the United States and other OECD countries is making it more difficult for debtor countries, such as Mexico, to meet their external obligations. In contrast, Mexico and most other debtor nations have adopted more liberal trade policies in recent years. The success of the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement will expand trading opportunities in the North American economies; however, Mexico is expected to encounter difficulties in competing in this market because of the barriers to trade and investment flows that have existed in the past. This paper discusses the potential impact of a North American Free Trade Agreement on the Mexican economy and the prospects for such an agreement in the current political economy.     

The effect of internal and external technology sourcing on firm performance throughout the technology life cycle

In studies about the impact of technology sourcing on firm performance, the impact of the technology life cycle has thus far received scant attention. This paper investigates this topic from the knowledge-based perspective. Data was gathered from 22 PLD (Programmable Logic Device) manufacturers in the integrated circuit industry between 1986 and 2005, and used to test two hypotheses based on panel analysis: (1) that strategic alliance networks, as a mode of external technology sourcing, have a positive effect on a firm's innovative and market performance early in the technology life cycle, and (2) that internal development as a mode of internal technology sourcing has a positive effect on a firm's innovative and market performance later in the technology life cycle. Although both hypotheses are supported as far as market performance is concerned, neither is supported when it comes to innovative performance.     

我国产业集群国际品牌力培育研究

随着世界上诸如意大利的纺织业集群、美国硅谷的IT产业集群等的崛起，中小产业集群作为一种客观存在的经济现象，引起了越来越多的关注。产业集群作为一种介于产业和市场之间的产业空间组织形式，已经对地区经济发展产生积极的影响。因此，利用产业集群优势，打造区域品牌，培养产业集群的品牌力。成为了区域经济发展的战略性思路。     

Technical change in the commercial aircraft industry, 1925–1975

The American commercial aircraft industry has complied an extremely impressive record of performance in innovation and growth in output. This paper assesses the impact of government policy during a fifty-year period upon innovative performance and market structure in the commercial aircraft industry. In general, this apparent success of government policies in supporting rapid technical change in the industry reflects the impact of these policies upon both the supply of technological knowledge and the demand for innovative aircraft designs. The success of this policy structure has implications for technology policies in other industries.     

Portfolio choice with internal habit formation: a life-cycle model with uninsurable labor income risk

Motivated by the success of internal habit formation preferences in explaining asset pricing puzzles, we introduce these preferences in a life-cycle model of consumption and portfolio choice with liquidity constraints, undiversifiable labor income risk and stock-market participation costs. In contrast to the initial motivation, we find that the model is not able to simultaneously match two very important stylized facts: a low stock market participation rate, and moderate equity holdings for those households that do invest in stocks. Habit formation increases wealth accumulation because the intertemporal consumption smoothing motive is stronger. As a result, households start participating in the stock market very early in life, and invest their portfolios almost fully in stocks. Therefore, we conclude that, with respect to its ability to match the empirical evidence on asset allocation behavior, the internal habit formation model is dominated by its time-separable utility counterpart.     

基于核心能力的适度多元化:企业成长与发展的方向

多元化一直是战略管理学界争论的问题之一.企业多元化扩张的失败案例使人们对多元化战略产生了质疑,"归核化"运动的兴起,这种质疑甚至误解更加严重.21世纪,企业所面临的内外环境将更加多变,专业化经营的风险不言而喻,当企业的资源和能力不能驾驭专业化所带来的风险时,多元化成为必然选择.但是,只有基于核心能力的适度多元化发展才能取得真正的成功,才能使企业在市场竞争中做到游刃有余,获得持久竞争优势.     

US–Japan Trade Frictions: The Past,the Present,and Implications for the US–China Trade War

The United States and Japan have been involved in trade frictions over a number of products including textiles, steel, automobiles, semi‐conductors, and agricultural products over the last 50 years. US–Japan trade frictions have taken basically two forms: (i) the United States attempting to restrict Japan's exports to the United States; and (ii) the United States attempting to increase its exports to Japan by “opening” the Japanese market. By putting pressure on Japan to adopt necessary measures, the United States sought to achieve two main objectives: (i) to reduce its trade deficit vis‐à‐vis Japan; and (ii) to protect and/or promote US industries. The United States failed to achieve the first objective, while some success was achieved for the second objective. The United States triggered a trade war against China with the objectives of: (i) reducing the bilateral trade deficit; and (ii) stopping unfair trade practices by Chinese firms such as violations of intellectual property rights and forced technology transfer. Based on the experiences from the US–Japan trade frictions, the United States may achieve some success for the second objective, but not for the first. The chances of achieving the second objective would increase if the United States cooperates with countries such as Japan and the European Union, which are faced with similar problems.     

证券市场的层次结构与中国金融市场改革

发达的证券市场都表现出多层次结构，大量的理论和经验证据表明；资本市场，尤其是中小型资本市场要受到逆向选择行为和高昂的直接融资成本的影响；而市场结构的型式，例如，二板市场是否平行于交易所市场，是否采取交易商制度等则成为影响小型资本市场成败的决定性因素。这些根据为我国的金融市场改革提供了理论参考和经验借鉴。     

What have the FTA and the NAFTA done to the Canadian labor market?

A central concern with respect to globalization is its effects on institutions. Institutions are thought to provide protections against the casual damage inflicted by market processes and, in various ways, to contribute toward aggregate economic efficiency. The effects of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement and the North American Free Trade Agreement on the Canadian labor market and its institutions provide a useful case study of the effects of globalization because Canadian trade is so heavily concentrated with the United States. In this paper I show that, while the agreements imposed considerable costs on employees in some manufacturing industries, overall, Canadian institutions have not been substantially changed by the agreements. Where those institutions have changed, other factors have been much more important.     

创业支持政策对科技型小微企业孵化的影响

结合资源依赖理论和组织学习理论，探索创业支持政策、资源整合与科技型小微企业孵化之间的关系。研究结果表明，金融支持对技术资源整合具有显著影响，而对市场资源整合的影响不显著；政府政策支持对技术资源整合无显著影响，而对市场资源整合具有显著影响；营造创业氛围对技术资源整合和市场资源整合均具有显著影响；技术资源整合和市场资源整合对科技型小微企业孵化具有显著影响。研究结论对现有创业支持政策作出了科学论证，也为创业支持政策为何能够推动科技型小微企业成功孵化提供了一个较为合理的解释框架，进一步丰富了创业支持政策影响小微企业孵化的相关理论。     

韩国新兴市场战略：企业经营创新与政府全球化平台支持

任何一次大的危机,往往是一个大浪淘沙的过程。韩国在过去的十年间,先后经历了两次金融危机的打击。面对危机,韩国和韩国企业先是实施大刀阔斧的内部结构调整,之后立即投入到全面的全球化进程中。本文以三星电子、LG电子等韩国先进企业为例,重点剖析了其新兴市场战略、经营理念与经营模式的创新及其成效。而韩国先进企业全球化战略的成功,则离不开特定的宏观环境和政府政策的有力支持。     

土耳其钢铁工业发展现状及趋势

土耳其地理位置优越,交通运输便捷,人力资源丰富。在近几年的时间里,其国内政策法规日趋完善,汽车、能源、家电及建筑行业的需求带动了钢铁工业的快速发展,但受制于原料及电力供应的先天不足,加之全球钢铁产能过剩,市场行情不济等外部不利因素影响,未来,土耳其钢铁工业机遇与挑战并存。中国与土耳其同为发展中国家,也都是产钢大国,期望对土耳其钢铁业发展的介绍与分析,对我国钢铁业发展有所借鉴。     

委托代理视角下的企业内部市场探析

为了适应新的竞争形势和获得竞争优势,国内外许多企业组织以业务流程再造为基础,推动企业内部市场化过程,让企业内原有的科层机制融入了更多的市场机制元素。传统内部市场研究主要沿袭制度经济学观点,以交易费用为分析工具,从理论上解释企业内部市场存在的合理性和应用的必然性,但缺乏实践指导意义。委托代理理论的核心就是委托人在信息不对称条件下,如何设计一个最优合同机制。从这个意义上来看,企业理论的许多模型都可以在委托代理框架下分析。随着内部市场体系的建立,企业组织的网络化、模块化,原有的科层机制逐渐和市场机制互相融合,将会在组织内产生更为复杂的委托代理关系,从而衍生出新的问题。本文以企业理论为基础,委托代理理论为工具,试图从激励因素、信息对称性来对内部市场进行研究,并在此基础上提出有效的原则。     

我国节能汽车进入美国市场的机遇

本文分析了当前美国的汽车市场走向,认为美国汽车市场正处于结构调整的关键时期,混合动力汽车市场增长迅速。我国与发达国家在节能汽车领域的差距正在迅速缩小,应该抓住机遇进入美国市场,争取在新一轮世界汽车工业竞争格局变化中取得有利地位。     

The Economics of American Sports Leagues

Player mobility in North American sports leagues is limited by labour market constraints designed ostensibly to allow teams to recoup player development costs and to maintain competitive balance within leagues. Theory holds that the distribution of talent will be invariant under any institutional configuration, and that while rules to constrain movement will serve to enhance monopsonistic exploitation of talent, they will have no effect on competitive balance. This paper reprises a general theory through which the effects of the labour market constraints can be comparatively analysed for American sports leagues. The economics of sports has been relegated to the realm of labour theory by the unnecessarily limiting assumption that owners of sports clubs are single‐minded profit maximisers. This paper also presents a theory that seeks to unify capital market decisions of financial leverage and ownership syndication with operational labour market decisions for athletic talent and an owner's desire to win.     

超市自有品牌满意度调查问卷设计

顾客对超市自有品牌的满意度直接影响着顾客忠诚度,关系到超市的成败兴衰,因此,研究超市自有品牌的满意度具有重要意义。在市场营销实务中,市场调查问巷的质量与市场调研的成败息息相关,通过徐州易初莲花自有品牌满意度调查问卷的设计介绍了超市自有品牌满意度调查问卷的设计技巧和方法。     

Trade liberalization and the Mexican steel industry

The impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the competitive positions of Mexican and U.S. steel producers is investigated employing a translog cost function with four inputs (capital, labor, domestic intermediate goods, and foreign intermediate goods) to examine scale characteristics and input substitution in Mexican steel production. Results are consistent with diseconomies of scale at high levels of output and with substitute relationships between all input pairs except labor and domestic intermediate goods. Thus, output growth will likely result in cost reductions for Mexican producers only if the industry reaps significant benefits from substitution of foreign inputs for domestic. Recent increases in Mexico's imports of finished steel have much exceeded those of steel industry inputs, and it therefore does not seem likely that a Mexican cost advantage over steel producers in the United States will soon emerge as a result of economies of scale.