高新技术产业投资、沉淀成本与补偿制度创新

高新技术产业投资对我国国民经济发展具有重要的作用和潜在的扩张力,但由于没有充分利用高新技术产业投资,严重影响国民经济的整体发展.为此,本文从沉淀成本角度出发,使用一个动态的投资模型,探讨高新技术产业投资所面临的障碍以及提供刺激高新技术产业投资的基本原则,在于完善投资成本补偿机制:一方面,需要大力完善市场制度;另一方面,更需要大力完善非市场制度,同时,政府折旧和税收政策等也是不可替代的.     

高新技术产业投融资制度存在的主要问题与对策

我国高新技术产业投融资制度是与整个国家的投融资制度同步演进的。在投资主体构造、融资渠道开拓、投资约束强化等方面 ,都逐步向市场体制过渡。但由于传统投融资体制改革未完成 ,高新技术产业的发展刚刚起步 ,使我国高新技术产业发展的投融资制度还存在许多缺陷。因而 ,建立政府引导 ,企业主体 ,金融支持 ,社会各界参与的多层次、多形式的高新技术产业发展的投融资制度就成为必然选择。     

我国高新技术产业投融资问题探析

高新技术产业是世界各国科技、经济竞争的重要战略制高点之一，其发展日新月异、势头强劲。我国自改革开放以来，高新技术产业呈现出良好的发展态势，已成为支撑我国国民经济持续发展的重要新增长点。但是，从投融资层面上看，我国高新技术产业存在的差距明显，其中突出的问题是资本供给不足，投资绩效低，相关制度不完善。因此，如何进一步改革和完善我国高新技术产业的投融资制度，拓宽投融资渠道，增加资本投入，提高投资效率，就成为了我国当前发展高科技，实现产业化所必须解决的问题。本文首先对当代高新技术产业投融资的一般特征作了详尽分析，然后对我国高新技术产业投融资现状及问题进行剖析，并进一步提出了改革、完善我国高新技术产业投融资制度的相关建议。     

企业孵化器与风险投资比较与促进其发展之构想

本文对孵化器和风险投资的含义及其区别联系进行了阐述,在此基础上,结合高新技术产业发展的特点和规律,提出了我国高新技术产业孵化器与产业投资的发展对策及建议.     

我国对外直接投资的产业、区位与模式组合分析

对外直接投资过程中,投资的产业、区位和模式选择十分重要.本文对我国对外直接投资的产业、区位和模式组合进行分析,分别对资源开发业、成熟适用技术产业、高新技术产业、资本和技术密集型产业和服务业的投资区域和投资模式提出了对策建议.     

我国对外直接投资的产业、区位与模式组合分析

对外直接投资过程中,投资的产业、区位和模式选择十分重要。本文对我国对外直接投资的产业、区位和模式组合进行分析,分别对资源开发业、成熟适用技术产业、高新技术产业、资本和技术密集型产业和服务业的投资区域和投资模式提出了对策建议。     

我国经济增长进程中利用外资的产业结构研究

目前,我国外商直接投资的产业分布以第二产业最多,而第一产业和第三产业的比重偏低。应引导外资流向农业、高新技术产业和基础设施等产业,促进我国产业结构优化。     

湖北省农业高新技术产业发展的现实条件分析

大力促进农业高新技术产业发展是我国实现农业现代化的一个重要战略,湖北省作为我国中部地区的典型农业大省,发展农业高新技术产业对于提高湖北省农业现代化发展水平具有重要意义.因此,本文利用SWOT分析方法,多角度地分析了湖北省在发展农业高新技术产业方面的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战,并从未来发展的视角,提出了促进湖北省农业高新技术产业发展的对策与建议,即拓宽农业科技资金来源,实行多元化投资渠道;壮大农业高新技术产业主体,增强企业核心竞争力;统筹规划,建立区域农业高新技术产业联动的发展机制;构建有利于农业高新技术产业发展的政策体系.     

知识产权担保融资──发展高新技术产业的金融创新

当前我国经济的发展已经进入一个由单纯追求数量转变为追求质量、效率在内的综合增长,在这一转变中高新技术产业必将取代传统工业成为我国经济的支柱产业。目前国家政策对于高新技术产业的扶持力度也是比较大的,如优惠贷款利率,优先上市名额,风险资本投资的启动等等。但由于我国的投资渠道、投资机制等的不完善,风险投资不论从数量还是从管理上来看,远远不能满足高新技术产业的需求,而股市上市名额的规模限制和投资者的逐利投机心理,以及高新技术企业本身利润的不稳定性和资本规模的有限性、知识产权的特殊性,使得银行从传统的信贷…     

我国高新技术国际转移与风险投资

分析我国高新技术国际转移与投资现状,阐述风险投资对高新技术产业发展和提高高新技术国际市场竞争力的动作用,提出风险投资四种具体模式,对风险投资主体现状进行深入分析并提出相应对策。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.