信贷市场中的声誉效应研究

众所周知,信贷市场存在信息不对称现象,即借贷双方不完全了解对方的情况.这种信息不对称包括事前信息不对称和事后不对称.当信贷交易双方存在事前信息不对称时,有信息优势的一方在交易前可能会隐瞒一些信息,导致对方选择错误,产生"逆向选择".     

车险市场分离道德风险和逆向选择的实证分析

本文的目的是考察国内车险市场中是否存在信息不对称现象,并试图分离道德风险和逆向选择的影响,即分离出二者对信息不对称的贡献。利用国内一家大型财险公司某省份2008~2009年商业第三者责任险数据,论文通过Probit模型验证了信息不对称的存在;同时,论文利用分组控制住了逆向选择（风险异质性）的影响,并利用对照组剔除了学习效应的贡献,证明商业第三者责任险市场中不存在道德风险;因此该市场的信息不对称完全是由逆向选择贡献的。     

住宅市场逆向选择问题研究

住宅市场的特殊性决定了住宅市场上交易双方存在着严重的信息不对称性,其导致的逆向选择会降低市场效率,给市场运行造成极大的破坏.其解决途径是:依靠市场机制对信息不对称的缓解作用;以政府规制对信息不对称进行弥补.     

商业银行信贷管理中的信息不对称问题探讨

商业银行信贷管理中的信息不对称主要表现在银企信贷关系和银行信贷内部管理两个方面。信息不对称造成了信贷管理中的逆向选择和道德风险,降低了借贷市场的效率,加剧了信贷风险。解决银企信息不对称问题的核心是通过建立完善的信息机制,以实现对借款企业的有效监控;解决银行内部管理中的信息不对称问题,可以通过构筑银行企业文化、建立信贷激励机制和完善信贷内控制度等方面入手。     

关注信息不对称造成的信用风险

在我国,信用风险是商业银行经营面临的主要风险.按照合约经济理论的解释,信用风险生成于三个合约:一是银行与企业的合约,二是银行与储户的合约,三是商业银行与中央银行的合约.其中,银行与企业的合约构成最主要的信用风险.合约双方的信息不对称导致银企借贷关系中的不确定性,增加了银企双方的交易成本.要降低这种不确定因素,减少交易成本,就应建立恰当合理的银企交易模式,才能有效减轻信息不对称和机会主义行为.     

人寿保险市场多维不对称信息与逆向选择的识别——基于模型设定的检验和估计

保险市场中逆向选择的正确识别是判断市场是否有效、定量研究消费者福利损失的前提和基础.大量文献已发现,在多重不对称信息存在的情况下,传统正相关检验无法识别逆向选择,本文发现模型设定偏误可能是正相关检验失效的一个重要原因,通过应用稳健的Biprobit半非参数估计并配以Bootstrap检验,本文对正相关检验方法进行了优化改进,并将该方法应用至CHARLS数据.在控制了导致正向选择的不对称信息后,传统正相关检验仍无法识别我国寿险市场的逆向选择,而使用半非参数估计方法,则最终识别了寿险购买与事后风险的逆向选择效应.这一结果说明,虽然中国寿险市场的部分多维不对称信息一定程度缓解了市场信息偏差,但其中正向选择与逆向选择共存因素使市场整体仍具有较强的信息不对称性,导致市场失灵和社会福利下降的可能性上升.要使保险更好地发挥"稳定器"作用,保险市场的信息分类机制有待完善.     

逆向选择与银行信贷风险控制浅析

逆向选择的形成是由于信息不对称引起的必然结果。本文分析了银行信贷市场中,信贷双方由于信息不对称而产生的逆向选择问题。逆向选择的存在会导致信贷市场中低风险的项目逐渐退出,并产生银行“惜贷”和企业“贷款难”等诸多问题。银行要通过不断完善风险监控体制,加强信息风险披露、预警管理等措施来解决信贷市场逆向选择带来的冲击。     

信息不对称情况下我国信贷风险管理探析

20世纪70年代后,信息不对称理论为经济理论的研究带来了一场革命性的突破.其核心内容可以概括为:有关交易的信息在交易双方之间的分布是不对称的,一方比另一方占有更多的相关信息;交易双方对于各自在信息占有方面的相对地位都是清楚的,由此造成在交易完成前后分别发生逆向选择和道德风险问题,严重降低市场运行效率,在极端情况下甚至引发市场交易停顿.信息不对称理论认为银行等金融中介更为重要的存在价值在于其能够有效地解决逆向选择和道德风险问题.     

浅谈信息不对称对会计核算、审计及企业的影响

<正>信息不对称理论产生于20世纪六七十年代,论述了信息在交易双方的不对称分布或者一方信息的不完全性对于市场交易行为和市场运行效率的影响。信息不对称主要包括三个方面的内容:一是交易双方中任何一方都未获得完全清楚的信息;二是有关交易的信息在交易双方间的分布是不对称的;三是交易双方对于各自在信息占用方面的地位都是比较清楚的。信息不对称按发生的时间划分可分为事前信息不对称和事后信息不对称。事前信息不对称导致逆向选择,事后信息不对称导致道德风险。逆向选择是指掌握信息较多的一方利用对信息的无知而隐瞒相关信息,获取额外利益,客观上导致不合理的市场分配的行为。道德风险是指占有信息优势的一方为自身利益而故意隐瞒相关信息,对另一方造成损失的行为。     

信息不对称对股票回购宣告效应的影响--基于A股市场公开市场回购事件的实证研究

本文以2011-2017年间发生在我国A股市场的公开市场回购事件为样本,探究了管理层与投资者之间信息不对称程度对股票回购宣告效应的影响。结果表明:上市公司可以通过公开市场回购取得显著正向的宣告效应,该效应与上市公司的信息不对称程度成正比,与既有估值水平成反比。这说明信息不对称程度对股票回购宣告效应具有较强的解释力,验证了"信号传递假说"在A股市场的适用性。     

Tests of ex ante versus ex post theories of collateral using private and public information

Collateral is a widely used, but not well understood, debt contracting feature. Two broad strands of theoretical literature explain collateral as arising from the existence of either ex ante private information or ex post incentive problems between borrowers and lenders. However, the extant empirical literature has been unable to isolate each of these effects. This paper attempts to do so using a credit registry that is unique in that it allows the researcher to have access to some private information about borrower risk that is unobserved by the lender. The data also include public information about borrower risk, loan contract terms, and ex post performance for both secured and unsecured loans. The results suggest that the ex post theories of collateral are empirically dominant, although the ex ante theories are also valid for customers with short borrower–lender relations that are relatively unknown to the lender.     

Cross-ownership and collateral in lending

Information asymmetry is a major obstacle in both formal and informal loan markets. However, when a borrower and a lender are connected via cross-ownership, this obstacle can be significantly reduced. Cross-ownership enables lenders to collect more concrete and precise information about borrowers, and this lowered information asymmetry reduces the likelihood that the lender will require the borrower to provide collateral. Using a data set of 1091 intercorporate loans from China, we find strong support for the prediction that cross-ownership between lenders and borrowers lowers the collateral requirements by more than 50%. This relation is more pronounced for informationally opaque borrowers and for lending firms with a controlling stake in the borrowing firms.     

Mortgage Contracts,Strategic Options and Stochastic Collateral

This paper offers a game-theoretic model for both the analysis and valuation of mortgage contracts in the context of an economy with complete information and complete contingent claims markets. We analyze the equilibrium strategy of the lender, who holds an option over the magnitude of mortgage credit extended per dollar of collateral offered, and the mortgagor, who holds options to default or prepay, in a class of intertemporal mortgage contracts collateralized by property evolving according to a random process which is common knowledge to both parties to the mortgage contract. Using continuous–time arbitrage valuation principles, we derive the value of the mortgage contract to both parties and show, through both analytical solutions and numerical simulations, that Markov perfect equilibria exist in which, among other properties, a lower flow of housing services accruing to the borrower, per dollar of initial house value, and a correspondingly lower rate of effective depreciation, will elicit a larger volume of funds offered by a lender; the amount of credit offered, the values of the contract to both lender and mortgagor, and the expected losses to both parties from costly bankruptcy are highly sensitive to the perceived volatility of the value of the property collateralizing the mortgage, even in an economy with complete markets or risk neutrality on the parts of lender and borrower; the upper limit on mortgage credit offered by a rational lender may be a small fraction of the current fair market value of the property, regardless of the contractual yield offered by the borrower, and will decrease, at each such yield, as bankruptcy costs or housing service flows increase; and under significant but plausible values for bankruptcy and costs of liquidating property under foreclosure, the flow of mortgage credit can become negatively related to the spread of the mortgage yield over the riskless rate, with the lender preferring a lower contractual yield to a higher one.     

Credit Markets in Northern Nigeria: Credit as Insurance in a Rural Economy

This article addresses the issues of incomplete markets andimperfect information in the context of credit markets in ruralnorthern Nigeria. In much recent theoretical literature, theproblems of moral hazard and adverse selection are assumed tobe decisive for the organization of agrarian institutions. Incontrast, it is found that in the four villages surveyed credittransactions take advantage of the free flow of informationwithin rural communities. Information asymmetries between borrowerand lender are unimportant, and their institutional consequences—theuse of collateral and interlinked contracts—are absent.Credit transactions play a direct role in pooling risk betweenhouseholds through the use of contracts in which the repaymentowed by the borrower depends on the realization of random productionshocks by both the borrower and the lender.     

Rare event risk and emerging market debt with heterogeneous beliefs

In a setting where the lender and the borrower have heterogeneous beliefs about the likelihood of a disastrous shock to the borrower's economy, we study the debt contract that defaults at the occurrence of that shock, as proposed by Barro (2006). We find that a higher belief by the lender compared to the borrower can lead to countercyclical interest rates and credit spreads in non-default times, and to an increase in the borrower's indebtedness in default times, as often observed in emerging market economies. When calibrating the model to prices in the credit default swap market, we show that heterogeneous beliefs can account for more than 40% of the variation in CDS spreads associated with shocks to the borrower's economy in non-default times.     

Firm Size Dependence in the Determinants of Bank Term Loan Maturity

Abstract:   We examine the hypothesis that firm size affects the sensitivity of bank term loan maturity to its underlying determinants. As borrower size increases, negotiating power with the lender and information transparency increase, while the lender is able to spread the fixed costs of loan production across a larger dollar value of the loan. We find strong evidence of firm size dependency in the determinants of bank term loan maturity and show that this is unrelated to syndication. Only large borrowers can manipulate bank loan contract terms so as to increase firm value.     

The Role of Soft Information in a Dynamic Contract Setting: Evidence from the Home Equity Credit Market

Credit underwriting is a dynamic process involving multiple interactions between borrower and lender. During this process, lenders have the opportunity to obtain hard and soft information from the borrower. We analyze more than 108,000 home equity loans and lines‐of‐credit applications to study the role of soft and hard information during underwriting. Our data set allows us to distinguish lender actions that are based strictly on hard information from decisions that involve the collection of soft information. Our analysis confirms the importance of soft information and suggests that its use can be effective in reducing overall portfolio credit losses ex post.     

The emergence of information sharing in credit markets

We provide the first systematic empirical analysis of how asymmetric information and competition in the credit market affect voluntary information sharing between lenders. We study an experimental credit market in which information sharing can help lenders to distinguish good borrowers from bad ones. Lenders may, however, also lose market power by sharing information with competitors. Our results suggest that asymmetric information in the credit market increases the frequency of information sharing between lenders significantly. Stronger competition between lenders reduces information sharing. In credit markets where lenders may fail to coordinate on sharing information, the degree of information asymmetry, rather than lender competition, drives actual information sharing behavior.     

Does the quality of lender–borrower relationships affect small business access to debt? Evidence from Canada and implications in China

The literature on corporate governance and entrepreneurial finance suggests that when lender–borrower relationships are of longer duration, they tend to be more successful in solving the informational asymmetry problems related to small business debt financing. Using the data from Canadian financial markets, this study first confirms this finding, insofar as the quality of lender–borrower relations is affected by traditional solutions to agency conflicts, lender requirements, and negative changes in the borrowing terms offered by lenders. However, in testing this conclusion further, we empirically demonstrate that, counter-intuitively, the quality of the lender–borrower relationship does not affect a small firm's access to debt, or change the terms of borrowing. We also show similar supporting evidence from lenders to small firms in China, where business relationships involving “guanxi” (or connections that are beneficial for both parties) are commonly expected to influence access to debt. The robustness of the study's results is shown by the data from numerous lending institutions in a province of China.     

Local versus foreign banks: A home market advantage in loan syndications

This paper investigates the contract terms of local versus foreign bank lead loan syndications to test two opposing theories: the home market advantage gained by closer geographical proximity and soft information from existing banking relationships, versus the hold-up problem where banks exploit their information advantage at the borrower's expense. The home market advantage was supported with domestic banks informationally superior to their foreign counterparts. Loans arranged by the former carry lower interest rates, have longer maturities, and are less likely to require collateral. These results are robust after controlling for the non-randomness of the lender–borrower matching process.