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1.
Synopsis This paper is the product of a collaboration between a biologist (Ghiselin 1997) who works on the philosophy of classification
and an economist (Landa 1981, 1994) who works on the ‘Economics of Identity’: how and why people classify people based on
identity in the context of a theory of ethnic trading networks. In developing the ‘bioeconomics’ (the synthesis of economics
with biology) of classification, we crossed a number of disciplinary boundaries—anthropology, economics, sociology, biology,
and cognitive psychology including evolutionary psychology’s ‘fast and frugal’ heuristics. Using a bioeconomics approach,
we argue that folk classifications—the classifications used by ordinary persons—have much in common with scientific classifications:
underlying both is the need for economy of information processing in the brain, for the efficient organization of knowledge,
and for efficiency of information acquisition and transmission of information to others. Both evolve as a result of trial
and error, but in science there is relatively more foresight, understanding, and planning. 相似文献
2.
Kurt Dopfer 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2012,22(1):133-160
The paper starts from Schumpeter’s proposition that entrepreneurs carry out innovations (the micro level), that swarms of
followers imitate them (meso) and that, as a consequence, ‘creative destruction’ leads to economic development ‘from within’
(macro). It is argued that Schumpeter’s approach can be developed into a new—more general—micro-meso-macro framework in economics. Center stage is meso. Its essential characteristic is bimodality, meaning that one idea (the generic rule) can be physically actualized by many
agents (a population). Ideas can relate to others, and, in this way, meso constitutes a structure component of a ‘deep’ invisible macro structure. Equally, the rule actualization process unfolds over time—modelled in the paper as
a meso trajectory with three phases of rule origination, selective adoption and retention—and here meso represents a process component of a visible ‘surface’ structure. The macro measure with a view to the appropriateness of meso components is generic correspondence.
At the level of ideas, its measure is order; at that of actual relative adoption frequencies, it is generic equilibrium. Economic
development occurs at the deep level as transition from one generic rule to another, inducing a change of order, and, at the
surface level, as the new rule is adopted, destroying an old equilibrium and establishing a new one. 相似文献
3.
This study measures the extent to which P2P file-sharing activities act as substitutes or complements to music purchases in
markets for CDs. The paper breaks with the mainstream economics approach which dominates the music file-sharing discussion.
Whereas such models assume relationships at the micro level (e.g. between file-sharing and purchases) based on observations made at the macro level,
our evolutionary economics approach measures the direct effects using micro data representative of the Canadian population. The behavioral incentives underpinning free music downloading,
novel to this paper, are the multiple effects of: ‘unwillingness to pay’ (market substitution), ‘hear before buying’ (market
creation), ‘not wanting to buy a whole album’ (market segmentation), and ‘not available in the CD format or on electronic
pay-sites’ (market creation). Although the two first mentioned incentives significantly influence CD album purchases—i.e.
there is a negative and significant market substitution effect and a positive and significant market creation effect—on the
whole, these two effects ‘cancel’ one another out, leading to no association between the number of P2P files downloaded and
CD album sales. 相似文献
4.
Insufficient sensitivity to scope (variations in the scale of the environmental good on offer) remains a major criticism of
stated preference methods, and many studies fail a scope test of some sort. Across a range of existing explanations for insensitivity
to scope (commodity mis-specification, embedding, warm glows) there seems to exist no clear conclusion on how to deal with
the problem. This paper provides an alternative explanation for insufficient sensitivity to scope, based on re-definition
of the determinants of value for environmental goods within an attributes-based choice model. In the proposed framework respondents’
Willingness To Pay need depend not only on physical characteristics of a good, but may also depend on the ‘label’ under which
the environmental good is ‘sold’ in the hypothetical market. To investigate this problem, a Choice Experiment study of biodiversity
was conducted. We find that controlling for the effects of a label—in this case, national park designation—leads to significant
increase in the scope sensitivity of welfare measures. 相似文献
5.
This paper deals with the problem of explaining the survival of cooperative behavior in populations in which each person interacts
only with a small set of social ‘neighbors’, and individuals adjust their behavior over time by myopically imitating more
successful strategies within their own neighborhood. We identify two parameters—the interaction radius and the benefit–cost
ratio—which jointly determine whether or not cooperation can survive. For each value of the interaction radius, there exists
a critical value of the benefit–cost ratio which serves as the threshold below which cooperation cannot be sustained. This
threshold itself declines as the interaction radius rises, so there is a precise sense in which dense networks are more conducive
to the evolution of cooperation. 相似文献
6.
Sugden’s critique of Sen’s capability approach and the dangers of libertarian paternalism 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mozaffar Qizilbash 《International Review of Economics》2011,58(1):21-42
The force of Sugden’s critique of Sen’s capability approach depends on the interpretation of the approach adopted. It is persuasive
when public reasoning about what is good (or best) for people can justify policies which promote opportunity through (potentially
objectionable) restrictions on liberty. Sunstein’s discussion of preference formation and politics shares key elements of
Sen’s views. His proposals for democratic controls illustrate the potential danger Sugden signals about application of the
capability approach. Sugden is also critical of paternalist views inspired by the findings of behavioural economics. One of
these—Sunstein and Thaler’s ‘libertarian paternalism’—is a worrying extension of Sunstein’s earlier views and opens the door
to a much wider range of interventions. Sugden rightly and forcefully resists it. His critique of the capability approach
may, by contrast, be better seen as sounding a cautionary note than as an act of resistance. 相似文献
7.
Peter A. Corning 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2007,9(2):109-144
Synopsis Synergy – here defined as otherwise unattainable combined effects that are produced by two or more elements, parts or individuals
– has played a key causal role in the evolution of complexity, from the very origins of life to the evolution of humankind
and complex societies. This theory – known as the ‘Synergism Hypothesis’ – also applies to social behavior, including the
use of collective violence for various purposes: predation, defense against predators, the acquisition of needed resources
and the defense of these resources against other groups and species. Among other things, there have been (1) synergies of
scale, (2) cost and risk sharing, (3) a division of labor (or, better said, a ‘combination of labor’), (4) functional complementarities,
(5) information sharing and collective ‘intelligence’, and (6) tool and technology ‘symbioses’. Many examples can be seen
in the natural world – from predatory bacteria like Myxococcus xanthus to social insects like the predatory army ants and the colonial raiders Messor pergandei, mobbing birds like the common raven, cooperative pack-hunting mammals like wolves, wild dogs, hyenas and lions, coalitions
of mate-seeking and mate-guarding male dolphins, the well-armed troops of savanna baboons, and, closest to humans, the group-hunting,
group-raiding and even ‘warring’ communities of chimpanzees. Equally significant, there is reason to believe that various
forms of collective violence were of vital importance to our own ancestors’ transition, over several million years, from an
arboreal, frugivorous, mostly quadrupedal ape to a world-traveling, omnivorous, large-brained, tool-dependent, loquacious
biped. The thesis that warfare is not a recent ‘historical’ invention will be briefly reviewed in this paper. This does not
mean that humans are, after all, ‘killer apes’ with a reflexive blood-lust or an aggressive ‘drive’. The biological, psychological
and cultural underpinnings of collective violence are far more subtle and complex. Most important, the incidence of collective
violence – in nature and human societies alike – is greatly influenced by synergies of various kinds, which shape the ‘bioeconomic’
benefits, costs and risks. Synergy is a necessary (but not sufficient) causal agency. Though there are notable exceptions
(and some significant qualifiers), collective violence is, by and large, an evolved, synergy-driven instrumentality in humankind,
not a mindless instinct or a reproductive strategy run amok.
相似文献
8.
Rob Hart 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2009,42(4):429-450
We model long-run economic development through technology adoption under scientific uncertainty about environmental effects.
There are four possible long-run equilibria in a socially planned economy: ‘High-growth’, adopt rapidly, but abandon damaging
technologies once revealed (DDT, CFCs); ‘Cautious’, brake the introduction of new technologies to avoid mistakes (genetically
modified organisms); ‘No-growth’, halt technological progress to preserve secondary knowledge; and ‘Collapse’, adopt rapidly
without ever abandoning damaging technologies. In the base parameterization a short-sighted social planner chooses the cautious
strategy. A far-sighted planner chooses the high-growth strategy, unless damages are irreversible in which case the cautious
strategy again dominates. Regulatory options in the market economy are investigated. Pollution taxes do not affect the firm’s
level of precaution if they can only be applied after the adopting firm has reaped the benefits; however, they do encourage
the abandonment of damaging technologies. Liability rules do affect precaution, but may lead to excessive caution, or even
a no-growth trap. 相似文献
9.
Schumpeter formulated a ‘conduct model’ of entrepreneurial behaviour. Received wisdom has emphasised the economic functions
of Schumpeter’s entrepreneur, neglecting behavioural aspects. Schumpeter’s model is examined; it posits a continuum of behaviours
which are ‘entrepreneurial’, that rely on socially situated, tacit knowledge and are expressions of conscious, subjective
rationality. Schumpeter’s model excluded unconscious optimisation and decision rules derived from bounded rationality. Comparisons
are drawn with modern neoclassical, Austrian, and the older behavioural characterisations of entrepreneurial behaviour. The
newer ‘effectuation’ model of entrepreneurial behaviour is also contrasted with Schumpeter’s approach. We find, among other
things, that modern Schumpeterian economics associated with Nelson and Winter is not a natural continuation of Schumpeter’s
model. However, some developments in neo-Schumpeterian economics, including the effectuation model deriving from the older
behavioural tradition, are congruent with both the original ‘conduct model’ and Schumpeter’s directions for further research. 相似文献
10.
Darwinism in economics: from analogy to ontology 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):259-281
Several social scientists, including ‘evolutionary economists’, have expressed scepticism of ‘biological analogies’ and rejected
the application of ‘Darwinism’ to socio-economic evolution. Among this group, some have argued that self-organisation is an
alternative to biological analogies or Darwinism. Others have seen ‘artificial selection’ as an alternative to natural selection
in the socio-economic sphere. Another objection is that Darwinism excludes human intentionality. It is shown that all these
objections to ‘biological analogies’ and ‘Darwinism’ are ungrounded. Furthermore, Darwinism includes a broad theoretical framework
for the analysis of the evolution of all open, complex systems, including socio-economic systems. Finally and crucially, Darwinism
also involves a basic philosophical commitment to detailed, cumulative, causal explanations. For these reasons, Darwinism
is fully relevant for economics and an adequate evolutionary economics must be Darwinian, at least in these fundamental senses.
However, this does not undermine the need for auxiliary theories and explanations in the economic domain. 相似文献
11.
This paper investigates various possible meanings of ‘Social Market Economy’—60 years after its political initiation in Germany.
We focus on the variety of intellectual sources that influenced the formation and interpretation of the concept in Germany
during the first half of the last century. Our particular attention is on Müller-Armack’s definition of a rather dualistic
concept of ‘social’ versus ‘market economy’ and the subtle differences it has with an original (Freiburg School) view of ordo-liberalism
that lends itself more easily to a constitutional economics perspective.
相似文献
Michael Wohlgemuth (Corresponding author)Email: |
12.
A simple note on herd behaviour 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
In his ‘Simple model of herd behaviour’, (Banerjee A (1992) A simple model of herd behaviour. Q J Econ CVII:797–817) shows
that—in a sequential game—if the first two players have chosen the same action, player 3 and all subsequent players will ignore
his/her own information and start a herd, an irreversible one. In this paper, we analyse the role played by the tie-breaking
assumptions in reaching the equilibrium. We show that: players’ strategies are parameter dependent—an incorrect herd may be
reversed; a correct herd is irreversible.
相似文献
Andrea MoroneEmail: |
13.
We experimentally study the effects of common fate on voluntary contributions to linear public goods. In each period, earnings
are assigned to subjects according to the outcome of a lottery. In ‘common fate’, ‘independent fate’ and ‘rival fate’ treatments,
the lottery outcomes of group members are (respectively) positively correlated, stochastically independent and negatively
correlated. We observe the highest contributions and strongest reciprocity under common fate. Contrary to the game harmony
hypothesis, contributions are not lower under rival fate than under independent fate. Surprisingly, under rival fate, having
won the lottery in one period induces higher contributions in the next period. 相似文献
14.
15.
Hans Opschoor 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2010,45(1):3-23
Curbing global warming by setting long term maxima for temperature rise or concentrations of greenhouse gases defines spaces
within which further emissions of these gases are to remain (referred to here as ‘carbon spaces’). This paper addresses questions
related to how to share between countries the carbon space and/or efforts to stay within it, in the perspective of sustainable
development; different allocation mechanisms are reviewed, responding to criteria such as ‘responsibility’ for climate change,
‘capability’ to engage in abating it, and ‘potential’ or future contribution. The carbon space remaining at any time will
depend on effective mitigation up till that time, and will condense if more stringent maxima are to be set; per capita this
space becomes smaller with rising population. Sharing the carbon space in a fair way requires “convergence” of currently widely
unequal per capita emissions. If the world is to stay within the carbon space consistent with <2° warming, then developed
economies—the wealthiest sources of greenhouse gases should quickly and deeply engage in mitigation. Also, substantial mitigation
is to take place in developing countries and that this will require substantial support to developing countries (financially,
technologically). Changing development paths can make a major contribution to climate change mitigation; this requires changes
in investment, production and consumption patterns. Green New Deals as proposed in the context of a widened response to the
current economic crisis could become a first phase of a fundamental transition towards a decarbonised global economy worldwide.
Concerns to do with equity as well as sustainability must be incorporated and integrated into coherent transitory strategies. 相似文献
16.
Michael H. Böheim 《Empirica》2011,38(3):315-330
The financial crisis brought great challenges also for competition policy. The aim of this paper is to summarize the most
important insights for competition policy that could be derived from the turbulent period 2008–2010. The financial crisis
is seen as project that demanded sound management from competition policy and enforcement. The insights will be presented
in the instructive form of ‘lessons learnt’ which represents a common approved project management technique. We come to the
result that the financial crisis is not the result of ‘too much competition’, but of regulatory failure and that the main
answers to the financial crisis have to come from ‘smart regulation’. The relaxation of competition policy would be the wrong
policy response in troubled times since competition policy can play an important role in bringing the crisis economy back
on track. In contrast to banking we see no economic rationale for rescue packages for other economic sectors by referring
to systemic risk. The renaissance of industrial policy is viewed with great skepticism since empirical evidence shows that
the effort of picking ‘winners’ all too often results in saving ‘losers’. 相似文献
17.
Our overview has the objective of making our study relevant to bioeconomists. The need for the ‘alternatives’ to the Synthetic
Theory of Evolution in social-economic studies was substantiated, for example, by Colombatto (Journal of Bioeconomics, 5, 1–25, 2003), who maintains that the natural-selection theory is ‘ill suited’ to describing evolutionary processes in
economics. He proposed an alternative ‘non-Darwinian’ approach by equating the ‘non-Darwinian’ approach with a definite version
of neo-Lamarckism. Yet, as we will show, there is a palette of alternative approaches within and beyond the neo-Lamarckism.
We hope to give bioeconomists more choice in their theoretical modeling and constructing of analogies between biology and
economics. It will also be shown that in the light of suggested definitions the concept of ‘universal Darwinism’ recently
discussed in bioeconomics makes little sense as a generalizing category. In addition, in the concluding part of the paper
we demonstrate that the majority of alternative approaches are far from being pigeonholed as archaic and once and for all
wiped off the theoretical landscape. On the contrary, in recent years one can observe some revival of interest in the theoretical
‘heresies’.
相似文献
18.
A three-year window analysis together with the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach is employed to investigate the effects
of mergers and acquisitions on the Singapore banking groups’ efficiency. The results suggest that the merger has resulted
in a higher Singapore banking groups’ mean overall efficiency. We do not find evidence of more efficient acquirers compared
to the targets and that the acquiring banks’ mean overall efficiency tends to improve from the merger with a more efficient
bank. The Tobit regression results suggest that bank profitability has positive impact on bank efficiency, whereas poor loan
quality has negative influence on bank performance. (JEL: G21, D24)
All findings, interpretations, and conclusions are solely those of the authors’ and do not necessarily represent the views
of the institutions to which they belong.
We would like to thank the anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions. The remaining errors are of our own. 相似文献
19.
Routines, genes and program-based behavior 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jack J. Vromen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2006,16(5):543-560
It is argued that the ‘routines as genes’ and the ‘routines as skills’ analogies are misleading in several respects. Neither genes, nor skills, nor routines program behavior, if this is taken to involve, first, that they do so in a way that excludes conscious, deliberate choice and, second, that they determine behavior. On a proper understanding of ‘gene’, ‘skill’ and ‘routine’, conscious, deliberate choice is not ruled out when genes, skills or routines are operating. Once we shift from analogy to ontology, genes and skills appear as basic constituents of routines. Routines cannot exist unless specific genes and skills are in place in the individuals involved in the operation of the routines. Both genes and skills can be said to act unconsciously as ‘If ..., then ...’ programs. Even complete knowledge of genes and skills of the individuals involved would fall far short of predicting individual and firm behavior, however. What would still be missing, it is argued, is knowledge about organization, the specific ways in which genes, skills and individuals are connected with one another, and knowledge of context-dependence, what environmental stimuli activate specific chains of genes, skills and individuals.
相似文献
Jack J. VromenEmail: |
20.
The process and a simple logic of ‘meso’. Emergence and the co-evolution of institutions and group size 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Wolfram Elsner 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2010,20(3):445-477
‘Summing-up’ aggregation of micro decisions contrasts with structural emergence in complex systems and evolutionary processes.
This paper deals with institutional emergence in the ‘evolution of cooperation’ framework and focuses on its size dimension.
It is argued that some ‘meso’ (rather than ‘macro’) level is the proper level of cultural emergence and reproduction. Also
Schumpeterian economists have discussed institutions as ‘meso’ phenomena recently, and Schelling, Axelrod, Arthur, Lindgren,
and others have dealt with ‘critical masses’ of coordinated agents and emergent segregations. However, emergent group size
has rarely been explicitly explored so far. In an evolutionary and game-theoretic frame, ‘meso’ is explained in terms of a
sustainably cooperating group smaller than the whole population. Mechanisms such as some monitoring, memory, reputation, and
active partner selection loosen the total connectivity of the static and deterministic ‘single-shot’ logic and thus allow
for emergent ‘meso’ platforms, while expectations ‘to meet again’ remain sufficiently high. Applications of ‘meso-nomia’ include
the deep structure of ‘general trust’ and macro-performance in ‘smaller’ and ‘well networked’ countries which helps to explain
persistent ‘varieties of capitalism’. 相似文献