东亚双边进口贸易流量与潜力:基于贸易引力模型的实证研究

本文利用东亚10个主要经济体1995-2004年的面板数据,建立东亚贸易引力模型,对东亚进口贸易流量的影响因素和潜力进行研究。研究显示,国家经济规模、中国-东盟自由贸易区、东盟自由贸易区、进口国制度、国际直接投资、国家间的经济水平差距和地理距离是东亚双边进口贸易流量的主要影响因素。中国香港、泰国、日本和印度尼西亚对东亚的进口潜力较大,中国、马来西亚、菲律宾和新加坡对东亚的进口潜力较小。加强东亚区域内最终产品市场和区域贸易合作的发展、推进东亚各经济体的制度改革和调整、积极合理地引进国际直接投资、加强物流建设与合作,应成为东亚各经济体未来重要的政策取向。     

Capital Flows and Economic Growth in Ghana

ABSTRACT

The study examines the differential effects of capital flows on economic growth in Ghana over the period 1970–2014 using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL). Breakpoint unit root tests are employed to cater for structural change and breaks in time series. Afterwards, these break dates are fed into the ADRL model as dummy variables to allow for the computation of a more robust cointegrating vector. The findings indicate that in both the short and long run capital flows (i.e. FDI, aid, and external debt) have negative effects on economic growth. However, remittances exhibit positive insignificant elasticity in all the regressions. Further, the empirical results show that while the impact of trade, gross capital formation and population growth on growth are mixed, that of inflation is negative. The results of the study are consistent with the idea that the impact of capital flows in Africa has been exaggerated.     

Capital flows to Asia and Latin America: Does institutional quality matter?

Using a sample of 28 emerging market economies from Asia and Latin America spanning 1990–2013, we show that the marginal effect of capital flows on growth is positive and contingent on the threshold level of institutional quality (IQ). The conditional effect of capital flows holds for both the income per capita growth and total factor productivity (TFP) growth. We also determine the different threshold levels of IQ at which the marginal effect of capital flows is positive. The overall level of IQ in the Asian countries is superior to the Latin American countries and requires a lower threshold level to exert any positive effect. While the same conditional effect of IQ holds in Latin America for TFP growth, this effect is reversed in Asia. For very high levels of IQ (91st percentile), the marginal effect of capital flows on TFP growth in Asia is almost negligible. The marginal effects also vary based on the composition of capital flows in each region.     

Does international capital flow lead to a housing boom? A time-varying evidence from China

This paper examines the causal relationship between the housing prices (HP) and the international capital flows (ICF) in China. With structural changes existing, we find that long-run relationship using full-sample data is unstable, suggesting that traditional Granger causality test is not reliable. However, we further find an unstable short-run relationship between ICF and HP when assessing the stability of the parameters and there are bidirectional causal relationships between ICF and HP for several sub-periods. Additionally, our findings indicate both positive and negative bidirectional causal relations between the series. Based on the arbitrage of ICF, the results suggest that the rise of Chinese HP is the underlying force for the inflows of international capital. Meanwhile, a surge in capital inflows may be accompanied by a rise in the price of housing. This confirms the theoretical analysis that there is an interconnected transmission mechanism between the ICF and the HP, which is diverse and depends both on the flow of ICF and on other factors.     

Financial Integration and Economic Growth in the COMESA and SADC Regions

Abstract

This study used panel data methods to examine the relationship between financial integration and economic growth in the COMESA and SADC regions. Using Foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio flows as a share of GDP, Chinn-Ito index of financial openness and debt flows as measures of financial integration, the study found that the relationship between financial integration and growth is largely insignificant in the combined sample of COMESA and SADC regions. However, the relationship changes when the two regions are separated. Whereas two of the indicators of financial integration are significant in the COMESA region, only one indicator of financial integration is significant in the SADC region implying that financial integration is more important in the COMESA region than in the SADC region. The results support the growth retarding theories of financial globalization and the convergence hypothesis in the COMESA region while the neoclassical trade theories find strong support in the SADC region. These results imply, first, that financial integration has different growth effects for different regional groupings and thus integration policies should not be universally applied. Second, these results imply that further enhancement of trade integration policies offer more promising outcomes for economic growth in the SADC region than financial integration policies while the converse is true for the COMESA region.     

Absolute and Conditional Convergence in Both Zones of Cyprus: Statistical Convergence and Insitutional Divergence

This paper implements a time series econometric model to determine the timing of full convergence of incomes and output per capita and total factor productivity in the North and South of Cyprus, regardless of whether there is a political settlement or not. A significant dimension of the paper is its emphasis on institutional convergence, going beyond econometric or statistical convergence. Our results reveal that North Cyprus needs 17 years to catch up to full per capita income convergence, 16 years for per capita output convergence and 17 years for full total factor productivity (technological) convergence. The time‐series findings demonstrate that statistical convergence is occurring quite rapidly as the North is catching up to the average income and productivity levels of the South, which may confirm evidence of unconditional (beta) or absolute convergence, but there are significant differences between North and South in savings, tastes, population growth and technology. Most significantly, there are institutional differences highlighted in the study with a Two‐sector model of gate‐keeping and rent‐seeking which validates the premises of conditional convergence. Put differently, there are strong forces of divergence hidden behind our statistical findings.     

Global capital flows and development: A Survey

Abstract

From a development perspective, capital flows can both provide significant benefits and entail significant costs. Consequently, the development impacts of capital flows do not readily lend themselves to simple generalizations. This survey considers the development benefits and costs of four kinds of capital flows: foreign direct investment, equity portfolio investment, bond finance, and commercial bank lending. The survey suggests that the development impacts of these flows are conditional on both their specific characteristics and the larger policy environments in which they take place. It claims short-term superiority for foreign direct investment and equity portfolio investment over bond finance and commercial bank lending, and offers a set of policy recommendations to make capital flows more development-friendly.     

人力资本流动对FDI技术溢出效应的影响——基于吸收能力的实证研究

人力资本流动对增强东道国自身技术吸收能力具有重要意义。本文选取来华留学生数与留学回国人数以及外资就业率作为人力资本流动的代理指标,使用数据包络分析方法（DEA）来测算技术进步,就人力资本流动对FDI技术吸收能力的影响进行了实证分析,并得出结论：FDI和人力资本流动相结合与技术进步存在正相关关系．但正效应并不显著。因此,我国应当提高人力资本流动质量,提升其总体水平,为FDI技术溢出创造优越的人才环境。     

A model of endogenous growth that elucidates the complexity of South–North convergence

This North–South model of Schumpeterian endogenous growth combines a market, productivity and knowledge effect. Depending upon the interaction of these effects, various convergent and divergent South–North growth paths occur: for example, full or partial convergence of the Southern technology level to the Northern one, conditional convergence or divergence depending upon the Southern initial technology level and absorptive capacity, higher or lower as well as decreasing or increasing growth rates during the phase of catching up, and equal or higher growth rates of the South compared to the North after catching up. This set of growth paths can better explain the diversity of the empirical observations for economies at different income and technology levels than those generated by existing models. In this new model, convergence based on North–South trade and associated flows of patents (innovations) is guaranteed if the knowledge effect dominates the productivity effect. A larger Southern market expands the area of convergence and can prevent divergence. Not only a larger Southern market, but also a higher Southern steady state growth rate benefit the North so that convergence is desirable for both, the South and the North.     

国民财富视角下我国区域经济发展均衡性初探

区域经济协调与发展成果共享，是经济高质量发展的题中要义。众多文献对我国区域经济发展均衡性进行了实证检验，但对区域差异敛散特征及其变化速度的认识存在分歧。据人均GDP流量指标检验收敛性的传统方法，难以揭示资本积累与跨区流动的长期影响，需要由国民财富存量视角给出重要扩展与补充。研究发现:落后省区人均财富增速更快(存在β收敛)，但无力遏止省际绝对差异持续拉大(不存在σ收敛)；物质资本投资因高度市场化可迅速调整，人力资本流动对收益率差异有充分反映，推动Y/K与Y/H实现区域均衡(兼具β与σ收敛)。为提升我国区域经济发展均衡性，应注重对国民财富各类资本的“投资组合管理”，加快建成统一开放的要素市场以改善配置效率。     

The global financial crisis,financial linkages and correlations in returns and volatilities in emerging MENA stock markets

The 2007 United States financial crisis has developed into the most severe worldwide economic crisis since the 1927 Great Depression. In addition to its severe repercussion in North America and the European Union, the crisis has put pressure on emerging markets in general, and the Middle East and North Africa region in particular. For a better understanding of how the crisis affected the MENA region, we focus in this paper on the global and regional financial linkages between MENA stock markets and the more developed financial markets, and on the intra-regional financial linkages between MENA countries' financial markets.     

ASEAN between globalization and regionalization

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to test the hypothesis that the ‘ASEAN way’ is different from other regional integration schemes, as measured by the relative importance of its de facto regionalization patterns, the importance of its ASEAN+ frameworks, and its globalization-regionalization nexus. A set of indicators using intra- and extra-regional flow data of various sorts are explored and used to compare the ASEAN integration experience with some benchmark cases worldwide. Four aspects are thereby considered: (1) globalization and economic openness, (2) trade liberalization, (3) regional production sharing, and (4) foreign investment promotion.     

Experience,age and exporting performance in UK SMEs

We consider the determinants of SME exporting performance using a survey of internationally engaged UK SMEs. We first develop a model incorporating organisational and prior managerial learning effects. Our empirical analysis then allows us to identify separately the positive effects on exporting from the international experience of the firm and the negative effects of firm age. Positive exporting effects also result from grafted knowledge – acquired by the recruitment of management with prior international experience. Innovation also has positive exporting effects with more radical new-to-the-industry innovation most strongly linked to inter-regional exports; new-to-the-firm innovation is more strongly linked to intra-regional trade. Early internationalisation is also linked positively to the number of countries to which firms export and the intensity of their export activity. We find no evidence, however, relating early internationalisation to extra-regional exporting, suggesting that early-exporting SMEs tend be ‘born regional’ rather than ‘born global’.     

Are Emerging Markets Catching Up With the Developed Markets in Terms of Consumption?

ABSTRACT

The study tests the consumption convergence hypothesis between developed and emerging markets over a 30-year period (1980–2009) with eight consumption variables: consumer expenditure on food, consumer expenditure on household goods and services, average consumption of calories per day, average consumption of protein per day, and possession of four durables: dishwasher, microwave oven, refrigerator, and washing machine. Socioeconomic influence on consumption convergence is also tested with income, energy consumption, life expectancy, and trade. The regression results indicate that the emerging markets are catching up in terms of consumption but the rate is very slow. Consumption of durables shows slightly faster convergence than other variables. All four socioeconomic variables exert some degree of influence on consumption convergence, with income showing the greatest effect. Knowledge about convergence should be useful to managers for demand estimation and forecasting and for market penetration, segmentation, and positioning strategy.     

中国省际区域收入趋同实证研究

本文运用绝对β趋同、σ趋同与收入动态分布方法,对1952-2008年的中国省际区域收入趋同进行实证分析。研究结果发现,改革开放前存在绝对β趋同,改革开放后则不存在;σ趋同变动具有阶段性特征,改革开放后的σ趋同分为三个阶段,即1990年前的趋同阶段、1990-2003年间的趋异阶段以及2003年以后的趋同阶段;核密度估计也显示趋同具有阶段性,并存在显著的俱乐部趋同。     

欧洲经济一体化、区域差距与经济趋同

区域经济一体化有利于缩小区域内各国的经济差距吗?本文对1994-2005年间波兰、匈牙利、捷克、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、马耳他、塞浦路斯与欧盟15国的经济一体化进程进行了趋同分析,结果发现该25国存在σ-趋同和条件β-趋同。并认为制度趋同是经济趋同的基础,落后国家人均物资资本和人均技术资本的增加以及来自欧盟发达地区的技术扩散是促进该25国趋同的重要因素。     

外商投资、市场分割与收入差距——基于我国省级面板数据的经验研究

文章基于我国1995-2010年省级面板数据,对外商投资、市场分割与收入差距之间的关系进行了实证检验。结果表明：首先,近年来我国各地区基尼系数均有所增加,收入差距显著扩大;其次,外商直接投资（FDI）通过技术溢出效应、就业结构效应、经济增长效应和国际贸易效应来影响东道国收入差距,FDI的收入分配效应呈先升后降的倒U型,并存在区域差异;再次,地方政府对各产业的保护程度不同,因而市场分割因素将对收入分配产生影响,其收入分配效应同样存在区域差异。同时市场分割通过限制劳动力、资本和商品的流动以及技术溢出,抑制FDI的收入分配效应。     

民营经济增长驱动要素特征及其时空演变轨迹——基于供给侧要素配置视角

供给侧改革的重点在于优化劳动力、资本和科技投入等要素的配置,而民营经济是中国经济转型的重要引擎,文章从供给侧视角研究了1992-2014年民营经济增长的要素配置效率及其时空演变轨迹。结论如下：从时间角度看,民营经济增长表现为资本与技术双驱动特征,且资本与技术呈现动态“螺旋式”交替状态,劳动驱动强度在2008年后有所上升;在空间分布上,民营经济增长空间重心偏向东南地区,资本重心在近年来开始转向中部地区,劳动力重心偏向东部地区,技术重心偏向东南地区;在区域范围内,各区域民营经济增长类型均以资本驱动型为主,长三角和东南沿海地区的科技创新和人力资本优势并未显现,东北经济区民营经济增长整体效应最低。     

我国城镇居民健康资本的省际差异与空间效应

“健康中国”战略背景下，准确测度各省区人均健康资本并识别其空间关联,对把握我国健康发展水平具有重要意义。文章运用联合国创建的健康资本账户核算方法，利用中国居民收入调查(CHIPS)及官方劳动力人口统计数据，兼顾个体偏好微观视角与空间关联宏观角度,集中考察近年来我国各省区城镇居民健康资本分布特征及其经济效应。研究发现：①人均健康资本存量存在东高西低的省际差异，其增长速度缓慢且逐步降低；②随着收入水平与健康意识的提高，健康资本的替代效应占据主导作用，且劳动者健康风险偏好与工资的关系随年龄变化，青年时期愿为获取高收入承担高健康风险，中老年时期则更注重控制与降低健康风险；③健康资本在邻近地区存在较强的空间效应，其促进本地区收入增加，但对相邻地区收入有抑制效应。