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1.
This paper reports estimates of the elasticity of taxable income with respect to the net‐of‐tax rate for New Zealand taxpayers. The relative stability of the New Zealand personal income tax system, in terms of marginal rates, thresholds and the tax base, provides helpful conditions for deriving these estimates. The elasticity of taxable income was estimated to be substantially higher for the highest income groups. Changes in the timing of income flows for the higher income recipients were found to be an important response to the announcement of a new higher rate bracket. The marginal welfare costs of personal income taxation were consistent across years, being relatively small for all but the higher tax brackets. For the top marginal rate bracket of 39 per cent, the welfare cost of raising an extra dollar of tax revenue was estimated to be well in excess of a dollar. Implications of the findings are that: disincentive effects of high top marginal rates can be substantial even when labour supply responses are small; the welfare costs of increases in top marginal tax rates can be high; and announcement effects of tax policy changes can lead to considerable income shifting between time periods. 相似文献
2.
Darío Maldonado 《International Tax and Public Finance》2008,15(2):131-143
This paper studies the design of education policies in a setting in which optimal redistributive labor taxation is available.
It is usually argued that the crucial parameter to guide education policy is the complementarity of education and ability.
This is true only when labor supply is fixed or when income taxes are not allowed. I show that, if labor supply is endogenous
and if the government can tax income in a nonlinear way, the crucial parameter is how the education elasticity of wage changes
with ability. Taking the elasticity criterion into account, education subsidies are optimal in cases in which, under the complementarity
criterion, education taxes would be optimal. To do this, I use an asymmetric information setting that motivates nonlinear
taxation of income and education.
JEL Classification H21 · H23 · H52 · I28 相似文献
3.
This paper uses administrative tax panel data to estimate work participation and earnings elasticities of married couples by exploiting variation in tax policy. Not only may individuals alter labor supply by working more or less in response to changes in tax policy, they may also alter reported earnings or shift income between taxable and tax-deferred compensation. As a result, in addition to estimating the standard extensive and intensive labor supply elasticities, we also examine elasticities by type of income (wage earnings vs. self-employment earnings) and compensation (taxable vs. tax-deferred). We find that wives have more elastic work participation and earnings than husbands. Furthermore, self-employment income is more responsive to net-of-tax price changes than wage earnings for both husbands and wives, suggesting that it is easier for the self-employed to alter their work hours, work intensity, and/or reported income than wage earners. Finally, we find that wives respond to changes in the net-of-tax price of earnings by altering the amount of earnings subject to current-year taxes through adjustments of tax-deferred contributions to employer-provided retirement accounts. 相似文献
4.
Wolfram F. Richter 《International Tax and Public Finance》2006,13(6):685-699
This paper studies the efficiency effects of granting deductions for work-related expenses. It is shown that much depends
on whether the expenses are required for increasing taxable income and on whether the expenses are social costs. Among the
noteworthy results are the following. Expenses for commuting should be taxed rather than granted deduction, as the increasing
effect of commuting on taxable income is doubtful. Deductions for private costs such as expenses for housework and child care
may turn out to be allocationally neutral. If they are not neutral, however, the efficient degree of deduction depends on
relative labor supply elasticities.
JEL Classification H21 · H24 相似文献
5.
Ian W. H. Parry 《International Tax and Public Finance》2002,9(5):531-552
Recent work emphasizes the efficiency costs of tax deductions that distort the pattern of household spending. Using evidence on the sensitivity of taxable income to tax rates, this work suggests that the marginal welfare cost (MWC) of income taxes in the United States could be dramatically higher because of tax deductions, and might exceed unity. This paper develops an alternative approach for assessing the MWC using evidence on underlying parameters (e.g., labor supply elasticities, the demand elasticity for tax-favored goods). A MWC of around 0.3 to 0.5 seems more consistent with these parameter values, though this estimate is still significantly higher because of tax deductions. 相似文献
6.
David Granlund 《International Tax and Public Finance》2007,14(4):503-524
This paper addresses vertical fiscal externalities in a model where the state governments provide health care and the federal
government provides a sickness benefit. Both levels of government tax labor income and policy decisions affect labor income
as well as participation in the labor market. The results show that the vertical externality affecting the state governments’
policy decisions can be either positive or negative depending on, among other things, the wage elasticity of labor supply
and the marginal product of expenditure on health care. Moreover, it is proved that the vertical fiscal externality will not
vanish by assigning all powers of taxation to the states.
相似文献
7.
Removing Homeownership Bias in Taxation: The Distributional Effects of Including Net Imputed Rent in Taxable Income 下载免费PDF全文
Francesco Figari Alari Paulus Holly Sutherland Panos Tsakloglou Gerlinde Verbist Francesca Zantomio 《Fiscal Studies》2017,38(4):525-557
The income tax systems of most countries entail a favourable treatment of homeownership, compared to rental‐occupied housing. Such ‘homeownership bias’ and its consequences for a wide range of economic outcomes have long been recognised in the economic literature. Although a removal of the homeownership bias is generally advocated on efficiency grounds, its distributional implications are often neglected, especially in a cross‐country perspective. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by investigating the first‐order effects, in terms of distribution of income and work incentives, of removing the income tax provisions favouring homeownership. We consider six European countries – Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK – that exhibit important variation in terms of income tax treatment of homeowners. Using the multi‐country tax benefit model EUROMOD, we analyse the distributional consequences of including net imputed rent in the taxable income definition that applies in each country, together with the removal of existing special tax treatments of incomes or expenses related to the main residence; thus, we provide a measure of the homeownership bias. We implement three tax policy scenarios. In the first, imputed rent is included in the taxable income of homeowners, while at the same time existing mortgage interest tax relief schemes and taxation of cadastral incomes are abolished. In the two further revenue‐neutral scenarios, the additional tax revenue raised through the taxation of imputed rent is redistributed to taxpayers, through either a tax rate reduction or a tax exemption increase. The results show how including net imputed rent in the tax base might affect inequality in each of the countries considered. Housing taxation appears to be a promising avenue for raising additional revenues, or lightening taxation of labour, with no inequality‐increasing side effects. 相似文献
8.
Simeon Schächtele 《Fiscal Studies》2020,41(2):411-439
The desirability of a particular tax system depends on how different taxpayers react to it. Exploiting the personal allowance threshold and detailed German tax administration data, this paper examines responses at low taxable incomes to extend previous findings. Taxpayers bunch at the allowance threshold, and more so with non-wage income. Unlike in other studies, wage earners also bunch, at least if they file a tax return, while incomes gross of deductions do not. Deductions account for a sizeable share of the sharp bunching mass of taxpayers with non-wage income. A machine learning analysis identifies which deduction items predict such sharp bunching. The pattern of results suggests that local intensive-margin real responses induce moderate deadweight loss. 相似文献
9.
CECILIA GARCÍA‐PEÑALOSA STEPHEN J. TURNOVSKY 《Journal of Money, Credit and Banking》2011,43(8):1543-1577
We examine how changes in tax policies affect the dynamics of the distributions of wealth and income in a Ramsey model in which agents differ in their initial capital endowments. The endogeneity of the labor supply plays a crucial role, as tax changes that affect hours of work will affect the distribution of wealth and income, reinforcing or offsetting the direct redistributive impact of taxes. We consider different ways of financing government expenditure and find that policies that reduce the labor supply are associated with lower output but also with a more equal distribution of after‐tax income. We illustrate these effects by examining the impact of recent tax changes observed in the United States and in European economies. 相似文献
10.
我国个人所得税2018年改革中,借鉴国际经验,在计算应纳税所得额的扣除项目时首次引入了六项专项附加扣除。由于个人所得税涉及到每个自然人纳税人的切身利益,因此广受社会关注,其中由于复杂家庭关系引起了对于子女教育和赡养老人这两项扣除的热议,本文就与这两项扣除相关的法律问题进行探讨,以期运用法律思维分析纳税人关注的重点难点问题。 相似文献
11.
Lynne Oats 《Accounting, Business & Financial History》2005,15(1):35-61
Early in the life of Australia's income tax, the government, sensitive to loss of taxation revenue through artificial arrangements to divert taxable profits from individuals to companies where they would be taxed more lightly, saw fit to provide a special taxation regime for closely held companies. From the first attempts by the government to distinguish closely held companies for tax purposes in 1930, until the final legislative changes in 1972, there arose a highly unsatisfactory situation in which taxpayers sought, through increasingly artificial means, to subvert the legislative purpose with the aim of tax avoidance. The government's response throughout was inadequate in a number of respects, and fuelled the fires of tax avoidance through inept drafting of the relevant legislation and delayed treatment of perceived abuses by taxpayers. 相似文献
12.
《Accounting in Europe》2013,10(2):101-125
This paper proposes the replacement of the corporate income tax by shareholder-based capital income taxation. Our proposal would guarantee investment neutrality of taxation and reduced tax compliance costs. The proposal is based on the S-base cash flow tax. Under the S-base tax, transactions within the corporate sector are not taxable and only transactions between shareholders and corporations are subject to tax. In contrast to existing S-base cash flow tax systems, tax deductibility of investments is deferred. Rather, the acquisition costs and capital endowments are compounded at the capital market rate and are set off against future capital gains. Dividends and withdrawals are fully taxable at the shareholder level. Because of the deferral of the tax payments our proposal is called ‘Deferred Shareholder Tax’ (DST). The DST exhibits the same neutrality properties as the traditional cash flow tax. Moreover, the compounded inter-temporal credit method ensures that it is neutral with respect to the decision between domestic and foreign investment. To increase acceptance of the DST, current taxpayers’ documentation requirements will be reduced rather than extended. Our proposal could be realised in a single EU country or in all member states of the EU. 相似文献
13.
Previous literature shows that income taxation significantly affects the behavior of high-income earners and business owners. However, it is still unclear how much of the response is due to changes in real economic activity, and how much is caused by tax avoidance. In this paper, we distinguish between real responses and income-shifting between tax bases. We show that separating income-shifting responses can largely affect the welfare analysis of income taxation. In our empirical example of Finnish business owners, we find that income-shifting accounts for a majority of the overall elasticity of taxable income, which significantly decreases the marginal excess burden. 相似文献
14.
Florian Buhlmann Benjamin Elsner Andreas Peichl 《International Tax and Public Finance》2018,25(6):1490-1518
Welfare programs are important in terms of reducing poverty, although they create incentives for recipients to maximize their income by either reducing their labor supply or manipulating their taxable income. In this paper, we quantify the extent of such behavioral responses for the earned income tax credit (EITC) in the USA. We exploit the fact that US states can set top-up rates, which means that at a given point in time, workers with the same income receive different tax refunds in different states. Using event studies as well as a border pair design, we document that raising the state EITC leads to more bunching of self-employed tax filers at the first kink point of the tax schedule. While we document a strong relationship up until 2007, we find no effect during the Great Recession. These findings point to important behavioral responses to the largest welfare program in the USA. 相似文献
15.
Bas Jacobs 《International Tax and Public Finance》2009,16(2):253-280
This paper bolsters Prescott’s (Fed. Reserve Bank Minneap. Q. Rev. 28(1):2–13, 2004) claim that high taxes are responsible for lackluster labor market performance in Continental European countries. We develop
a life-cycle model with endogenous skill formation, endogenous labor supply, and endogenous retirement. Labor taxation distorts
not only labor supply, but also education and retirement decisions. Actuarially unfair pensions further exacerbate labor tax
distortions on retirement. Education subsidies can nevertheless cushion the adverse impact of taxation on skill formation.
Feedbacks between education, labor supply, and retirement are important. The model is simulated with realistic behavioral
elasticities that are consistent with microeconometric evidence. If, besides labor supply, also learning and retirement are
endogenous, the uncompensated (compensated) elasticity of the tax base equals 0.46 (0.85), which is more than twice as large
as the standard uncompensated (compensated) labor supply elasticity of 0.18 (0.40). Furthermore, life-cycle interactions between
education, working, and retirement are quantitatively important and the interactions raise all behavioral elasticities substantially.
For example, the uncompensated labor supply elasticity increases with one-half due to life-cycle interactions (to 0.26). We
demonstrate that low European labor supply can be fully explained by taxation without relying on unrealistically high labor
supply elasticities. Reducing labor market distortions, cutting benefit levels, lowering tax rates, and making (early) retirement
actuarially more fair, therefore, boosts labor supply, delays retirement, and stimulates skill formation. In addition, high
education subsidies are needed in large welfare states to offset explicit and implicit tax burdens on human capital investment.
相似文献
16.
Arindam Das-Gupta Shanto Ghosh Dilip Mookherjee 《International Tax and Public Finance》2004,11(5):575-600
This paper evaluates effects on tax compliance of simple reforms in personnel policy in the Indian income tax administration. Taxpayers voluntarily disclosing higher incomes are currently assigned to special assessment units. To avoid this, high income taxpayers have an added incentive to understate their incomes. Empirical evidence consistent with this hypothesis is found. It explains spillover effects of enforcement efforts across assessment units. We incorporate these spillovers in estimating revenue effects of increased support staff. The results imply significant compliance gains would accrue from expanded staff employment and changes in assignment procedures for staff and taxpayers. 相似文献
17.
Mário Marques Lúcia Lima Rodrigues Russell Craig 《Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation》2011,(2):83-96
In Portugal, a concept of taxable income associated closely with reported accounting income is used to determine the tax liability of firms. Recently, the Portuguese government legislated to introduce a system of “special payment on account” (SPA). Firms were required to pay an amount of income tax in advance that varied between a promulgated minimum and maximum. Although such a tax is unique to Portugal, other countries have tax arrangements that are similar in intent. Thus, Portugal's experience with the introduction of a SPA regime is likely to be instructive in fiscal policy deliberations in other settings.We assess the extent to which the SPA tax policy measure encouraged private Portuguese companies to manipulate earnings. We find that earnings manipulation appears to have been motivated by desire to minimize SPA. Firms whose estimate of SPA liability fell within the range of minimum and maximum limits of the SPA had higher levels of discretionary accruals than firms whose estimate was (equal to or) above the ceiling imposed by the new legislation. Firms with higher rates of income tax were found to reduce earnings to near zero. Firms with higher average income tax rates were more likely to manipulate their earnings than other firms.Our results reinforce the importance for auditors, stakeholders, and tax policy advisors to be alert to the close association between tax planning considerations and reported earnings in their monitoring, analysis, and policy advising activities. 相似文献
18.
In this paper we establish, contrary to conventional wisdom, a case for taxing education, as a supplement to the labor income
tax, by drawing on some informational feature of education, which the government may utilize. Discretionary decisions of individuals
to acquire education may serve as an additional signal (to earned labor income) on the underlying unobserved innate earning
ability, thereby mitigating the informational constraint faced by the government.
JEL Classification H2 · D6 相似文献
19.
20.
2000~2008年OECD成员国个人所得税变化及对我国的启示 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文通过对2000~2008年OECD成员国个人所得税变化的分析,得出OECD成员国低收入纳税人税负下降、高收入纳税人税负上升,个人所得税最高边际税率普遍下降、税率档次进一步减少、税收累进性提高等结论。借鉴OECD成员国经验并结合我国国情,认为我国个人所得税的功能应定位于调节收入分配,并就如何提高我国个人所得税累进性提出了相关政策建议。 相似文献