刘易斯拐点后的中国农村空心化治理

中国现代部门的工资决定已经摆脱了传统部门保留工资的约束。依据刘易斯二元经济模型,中国的刘易斯拐点已经到来,但中国传统部门和现代部门并存的二元经济格局依然存在,刘易斯拐点之后,城市对农村劳动力过度吸纳导致的农村空心化成为二元经济的最主要表征。治理农村空心化就是逐步消除经济二元性,应剥离土地的社会功能,使农业转变成利润导向性产业,使再生产性资本能够在农业或农村寻找到足够的经济机会,改造传统农业,引入农业新技术和新的生产要素,培育农村经济组织,丰富农业经济和农村经济内涵,使农业劳动力配置摆脱耕作经验的硬约束,从而打破劳动力从农村向城市单向流动的格局。     

中国的刘易斯转折点及争议

近年来,“民工荒”和劳动力工资上涨问题引发了关于中国是否已经到达刘易斯转折点的激烈争论。本文对中国刘易斯转折点的争论进行了梳理,并将其总结为四种观点。之所以产生这些分歧,既源于判断标准和依据的差异,也受到了不同统计数据的影响。但是,劳动力工资上涨的同时伴随着农村剩余劳动人口以相当比例存在的这一基本矛盾与刘易斯模型的推论并不相符。本文认为,这个矛盾是由劳动力市场分割所导致的,并且刘易斯模型并未考虑劳动力流动的制度性障碍。因此,不能直接地以经典的刘易斯理论来分析中国经济,而近年来中国劳动力市场的一些新现象亦不能简单地与经典刘易斯理论中的“刘易斯转折点”相对应。需要修正未考虑制度性障碍的二元经济理论,或者消除城乡分割影响以使得中国经验适用于经典理论模型的判断。     

刘易斯模型及相关争论的评析

自1954年刘易斯发表其经典论文以来,围绕该文及其模型在一些基本而又核心的问题上都有很多争论。本文以刘易斯文本为依据,主要对刘易斯模型中两个部门划分、劳动力剩余与生存工资、古典主义方法论及模型中的福利问题等这些基本问题及相关争论进行了评介;并对基于刘易斯模型的发展,尤其费-拉模型的主要贡献进行了评论,在厘清他们之间的联系的同时,也对长期以来存在的一些误解作了纠正。     

农业土地制度和经济发展机制:对二十世纪中国经济史的一种理解

本文提出了农业土地制度决定经济发展机制的假说,并用二十世纪中国经济史对该假说作了初步论证。本文指出二十世纪上半叶中国经济发展机制是地主所有制下的古典二元经济机制,五十年代初中国实行了土地改革,但到七十年代末的计划经济发展机制依然类似于古典二元机制,而八十年代初的中国农业改革最终把中国经济建立在准自耕农制度上,中国经济发展从此表现出工资上升、工资和利润共同储蓄的新机制。     

农业土地制度和经济发展机制：对二十世纪中国经济史的一种理解

本提出了农业土地制度决定经济发展机制的假说，并用二十世纪中国经济史对该假说作了初步论证。本指出二十世纪上半叶中国经济发展机制是地主所有制下的古典二元经济机制，五十年代初中国家实行了土地改革，但到七十年代末的计划经济发展机制依然类似于古典二元机制，而八十年代初的中国农业改革最终把中国经济建立在准自耕农制度上，中国经济发展从此表现出工资上升、工资和利润共同储蓄的新机制。     

农村劳动力非农就业与土地流转——基于动力视角的研究

劳动力转移理论表明,农村劳动力非农就业的动力可能是农业收入下降或非农部门工资上涨。虽然都能促进非农就业,但这两种因素对土地市场的作用机制并不相同。基于此,笔者考察了短期内农村劳动力非农就业与土地流转的关系。结果表明,劳动力非农就业与土地流转的关系因非农就业动力而异。农业收入下降推动农村劳动力非农就业,抑制农户间比较优势发挥,抑制土地流转;而非农部门工资上涨拉动农村劳动力非农就业,促进农户间比较优势发挥,促进土地流转。因此,非农就业市场与土地流转市场的关系并不等同于家庭劳动力非农就业与农户土地流转行为的关系。劳动力大量非农就业没有引发土地快速流转的原因可能是农业经营环境恶化,利润下降。     

劳动者技能、劳动力流动与收入再分配

二元经济下劳动力的流动和收入再分配是经济学界长期关注的焦点问题之一.本文从标准的刘易斯模型所体现的经济及制度环境入手建立模型,分析劳动者技能、劳动力流动与收入再分配三者之间的关系,对照中国当前实际指明问题所在并提供相应的对策建议,为我国当前及今后相当长时期妥善处理劳动力流动及再分配问题提供了参考.     

农业劳动力流动对中国经济增长的贡献

本文针对农业劳动力流动对中国经济增长的贡献,在二元经济结构和增长源核算框架下给出新的度量和结果。研究发现:(1)采用劳动再配置效应经典公式评估这种贡献时,通常会产生漏测或过测。在马塞尔增长源分解模式中嵌入劳动的制度异质性,可以得到一个具有比较优势的近似测算公式。(2)1985—2011年中国农业劳动力流动对经济增长的贡献具有递减的趋势,与经济增长具有相似的波动特征。(3)市场化改革以来,由于非农部门劳动的制度异质性被固化和农村劳动力教育增速放缓,农业劳动力流动促进经济增长的潜力受到了抑制。(4)实施相应制度创新之后,农业劳动力流动仍可为延续"中国奇迹"做出贡献。     

关于中国"刘易斯拐点"的三个疑问

"刘易斯拐点",即劳动力过剩向短缺的转折点,是指在工业化过程中,随着农村富余劳动力向非农产业的逐步转移,农村富余劳动力逐渐减少,最终枯竭.由诺贝尔经济学奖得主刘易斯在人口流动模型中提出.--编者注     

工资上涨与通货膨胀之间没有必然的联系——从中国的“刘易斯拐点”说起

国内有学者认为,中国正面临一个劳动力从过剩到短缺的转折点,即"刘易斯拐点"。美国一些媒体也声称,随着中国进入刘易斯拐点,工资将大幅上涨,导致中国出口商品的价格也会上涨,进而将引发全球性的通货膨胀。尽管工资上涨与消费价格指数的上升由于价值转形而存在一定关系,但工资上涨与通货膨胀之间没有必然的联系,中国的"刘易斯拐点"即便存在也与国际社会的通货膨胀没有必然的联系。相反,滥发货币救市和掠夺世界人民的国际垄断金融资本要对国际社会的通货膨胀即货币贬值负责。     

Can Growth Ease Class Conflict?

This paper proposes a theory that links labor supply to wage growth and economic growth, and the conflict of interest between capital and labor. During the early stages of industrialization of a country, "surplus" labor drawn from the traditional sector of the economy is available to the modern capitalist sector at a constant or only slowly rising wage. As industrialization proceeds, this labor surplus vanishes, leading to wages rising in tandem with the growth of output. As long as there is surplus labor, workers in the modern capitalist sector, who are organized, have little interest in growth as it does not raise wages. The effect of growth is external to them, simply drawing more workers into the capitalist sector and enabling the entrants to receive rents. So capitalist-sector workers would like to redistribute income regardless of the adverse effect on growth. Once the economy grows enough for the subsistence sector to vanish, further growth raises wages. Hence, this change in the structure of the economy leads to a reduction in the intensity of the labor–capital conflict.
The dual economy model implies that growth rates rise over time and fall after the exhaustion of the labor surplus which is consistent with the stylized fact of economic growth.     

剩余劳动与刘易斯转折的 国际经验及理论反思

本文通过梳理国外剩余劳动与刘易斯转折的实证研究,发现剩余劳动和非充分就业是经济发展中长期存在的现象,不仅广泛存在于发展中国家,也存在于发达国家的某些地区或部门中。由于城市非正规经济也是剩余劳动的重要蓄水池,农业剩余劳动的减少和消失不宜作为判定刘易斯转折的直接证据。由于经济发展过程和现象的复杂性,判断是否已经跨越了刘易斯转折,需要综合运用多种标准和方法。     

Wage indexation,migration, and unemployment

This article sets up a two-goods model with wage indexation and migrants. A dual labor market is introduced where the domestic workers receive an indexed wage while migrants receive a market-determined wage. The traded sector may be assumed to be unionized while the non-traded goods sector is non-unionized giving rise to flexible wages. This provides an example of segmentation and wage indexation. The wage indexation creates unemployment in the traded sector and the segmentation allows this unemployment to persist. The main results obtained are: sector-specific migration of labor may raise domestic welfare, while with capital accumulation such migration necessarily raises the relative price of the non-traded goods, leading to structural adjustment.     

Brain drain,illegal migration and capital exports from less developed economies: a neoclassical approach

This model shows that LDC's brain drain triggers emigration of unskilled labor and capital exports, skilled workers and agricultural capitalists gain, unskilled workers and industrial capitalists lose, and demodernization of the economy results. Demodernization of the economy occurs when labor force and output of the industrial sector decrease, and employment and production in agriculture increase. The problem analyzed in this model is what happens to the incomes of those who are left behind when some of the skilled workers migrate abroad. The results show that with the exodus of both skilled labor and capital, the marginal productivity of unskilled workers in industry also falls below the unskilled wage. Although one would expect a brain drain to result in gains for those skilled workers who remain in the source country, and for the capital owners who receive unskilled workers as a result of emigration, the losers are the unskilled workers and the capitalists in the sector where the migrants worked.     

2002-2010年中国农村 剩余劳动结构的估算

本文研究我国农村剩余劳动的长期结构性变化。研究结果表明,2002-2010年间,农业剩余劳动数量急剧下降超过90%,农村公开失业数量上升70%,成为剩余劳动的主要形式。在农村剩余劳动中,年龄在40岁以上的劳动者、受教育程度在小学及以下水平的劳动者和女性劳动者比例呈明显的上升趋势,2010年所占比例分别达到723%,4811%和5699%,这些变化可以解释剩余劳动与工资上涨、民工短缺并存的“悖论”,剩余劳动的结构性变化表明刘易斯拐点已经到来。     

Recalculating the agricultural labor force in China

In this study, we use a hypothetical method to recalculate the agricultural labor force based on statistical data on the labor force in China. We confirm the revised agricultural labor force data by estimating the agricultural production function. Through comparing the marginal labor productivity with the subsistence level of wages in the agricultural sector, we find that the overstated figures of agricultural labor force not only result in the underestimation of agricultural labor productivity but also are misleading by indicating that China reaches the Lewis turning point later than in actuality. The process of labor transfer in China, a large part of which is through rural migrant workers, has been much faster than expected.     

基于民工异质的刘易斯模型改造

刘易斯模型能够很好地解释我国长期低工资水平下的“民工潮”现象,但因其剩余劳动力完全同质的假设而无法解释我国当前发生的“民工荒”现象。本文依据“保留工资”高低将民工分成若干个类别,从而构建了一个基于民工异质的民工市场模型：经此改造的刘易斯模型分析的意义在于,它提供了一个能够同时解释“民工潮”与“民工荒”的统一的理论框架,揭示了“民工潮”与“民工荒”有可能交替发生,显示了破解当前“民工荒”问题的根本之策是提高民工工资,表明了“刘易斯拐点”在我国还远未出现：     

Unemployment,Wage Inequality and International Factor Movement in the Presence of Agricultural Dualism

This paper investigates how the international factor movements affect the unemployment and skilled–unskilled wage inequality with the existence of a modern agricultural sector. Our research has the new feature that we not only consider that the rural labor migrates to the urban sector but also to the modern agricultural sector. The main conclusions are that the unskilled labor outflow certainly decreases the wage inequality and unemployment rate and the influences that skilled labor movement and capital inflow have on wage inequality and unemployment rate are dependent on the factor intensity between the urban and modern agricultural sectors.