中国种植业碳排放的测度、脱钩特征及驱动因素研究

目的 研究中国种植业碳排放的时空差异、脱钩特征及驱动因素,为中国种植业低碳化可持续发展以及推动中国农业高质量发展的相关政策制定提供决策参考。方法 文章基于2001—2018年中国大陆31个省（市,自治区）种植业农用物资投入、种植业产值等统计数据,通过IPCC碳排放系数法对种植业碳排放量进行测度,采用Tapio模型揭示中国种植业碳排放脱钩特征,并进一步运用LMDI模型探析种植业碳排放的主要驱动因素。结果 （1）近年中国种植业碳排总量来趋于下降,化肥是其最主要碳源,碳排放量、碳源及碳排放强度存在较大的地区差异;（2）中国种植业碳排放脱钩类型近年来整体上呈现强脱钩,但省际差异化明显;（3）生产效率的碳排放抑制作用趋于增强,生产结构的碳排放增加效应显著,产出水平是碳排放增加的最主要驱动因素,劳动因素的碳排放增加效应趋于下降。结论 应坚持科技创新与结构优化、注重因地制宜与突出重点、着力提质增效与绿色发展,以期实现中国种植业低碳化高质量发展。     

吉林省耕地利用碳排放测度及其与粮食生产脱钩分析

[目的]通过分析吉林省县域耕地利用碳排放时空变化、碳排放结构、碳排放空间分布、脱钩效应以及碳排放驱动因素,以期从耕地低碳利用角度,为吉林省农业高质量发展和制定减排政策提供科学参考。[方法]文章运用系数法,计算2000—2020年吉林省47个县域单元的耕地利用碳排放量;采用Tapio脱钩模型,分析耕地利用碳排放与粮食产量之间的脱钩特征;利用空间回归模型,分析耕地利用碳排放的驱动因素。[结果]（1）吉林省县域耕地利用碳排放时空变化特征：2000—2016年吉林省耕地利用碳排放量增长,2016—2020年开始缓慢下降;碳排放结构方面,碳排放量从大到小分别是化肥、翻耕、灌溉、农用柴油、农膜和农药;碳排放空间分布呈现西高东低的格局。（2）耕地利用碳排放与粮食生产脱钩特征：呈现强脱钩和弱脱钩特征的县域数量增多,呈现强负脱钩和扩张性负脱钩特征的县域数量减少;吉林省东部地区的县域脱钩特征逐渐优于西部地区,吉林省整体县域的脱钩特征朝着理想状态发展。（3）耕地利用碳排放量驱动因素分析结果表明：人均农业GDP、农村用电量、农业机械化程度和化肥施用强度因素对耕地利用碳排放量为正向驱动,城镇化率对耕地利用碳排放...     

中国省域矿业碳排放的时空演化研究——基于2005—2015年面板数据

文章依据2005—2015年中国大陆31个省(市、自治区)矿业经济发展及碳排放的相关数据,利用Tapio脱钩状态分析模型,基于时空演变视角,对中国矿业经济发展与碳排放之间的关系进行了测度,以期完善矿业碳排放在地理空间视角的实证研究,为各地区矿业行业布局及碳排放减排提供参考。结果表明:(1)"十一五""十二五"规划期间,我国矿业经济增长与碳排放之间脱钩呈现出持续向好之势;(2)不同行业碳排放之间存在明显的异质性;(3)矿业碳排放总量普遍呈持续上升之势,且与经济增长之间存在明显的空间异质性。在未来矿业的发展过程中,应继续优化内部行业结构,提高技术水平,并基于各区域的时空演变特征,出台相关梯度政策,实现矿业碳排放"量"和"质"的进一步改善。     

产业结构视角下的中国粮食主产区农业碳排放公平性研究

本文通过考察13个粮食主产省份种植业与畜牧业碳排放的经济贡献系数,来判断其排放是否公平;对于严重违背农业碳排放公平性的省份,则利用LMDI模型和脱钩模型对其展开深度分析。研究结果表明:(1)粮食主产区种植业领域总体呈现"高碳-低效益"特征,而畜牧业领域却表现出"低碳-高效益"特征;(2)内蒙古、安徽、江西属于严重违背碳排放公平性的省份,其中效率因素是抑制三地农业碳排放增长的共同因素;而结构、劳动力因素只在一定程度上抑制了皖、赣二地;经济因素则是导致三地农业碳排放增加的关键动因;(3)内蒙古在处理农业碳排放与经济发展的矛盾时未能找到好的契合点,而安徽、江西农业碳排放与其经济增长之间的关系正趋于良性稳定。     

黑龙江省农业经济与碳排放的关系研究——基于Tapio脱钩模型

为促进黑龙江省低碳农业发展,厘清农业碳排放与农业经济发展之间的关系,基于种植业和畜牧业共14类碳源,测算黑龙江省2000—2018年碳排放量,运用Tapio脱钩模型计算黑龙江省农业碳排放的脱钩系数,对二者之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,2000—2018年黑龙江省农业碳排放总量增长52.36%,年均增长2.37%,总体呈现持续上升—迅速下降—稳定上升—缓慢下降的变化特征;黑龙江省农业碳排放与农业经济之间的脱钩状态主要是弱脱钩和强脱钩,呈现弱脱钩—波动期—弱脱钩—强脱钩的过程。     

农业绿色水资源利用与农业经济增长脱钩关系研究

[目的]探究全国不同区域农业绿色水资源利用效率及其与农业经济增长间的脱钩关系,期望为农业绿色发展以及推动农业高质量发展提供决策参考。[方法]文章借助全局超效率SBM模型测算出农业绿色水资源利用效率,并依据灰水足迹理论计算出农业灰水足迹,应用脱钩理论及其脱钩程度判定标准,测算中国31个省域的农业绿色水资源利用与经济增长的脱钩程度。[结果]（1）我国的农业绿色水资源利用效率有待提升且存在地区差异,东部沿海地区农业绿色水资源利用效率较高,西部最低;（2）我国农业绿色水资源利用效率与农业经济增长的脱钩状态呈现阶段性并存在区域差异。2008—2015年四大区域普遍处于弱脱钩状态,但2016年之后,各个区域的二者脱钩状态开始呈现扩张性负脱钩,农业绿色水资源利用效率和农业经济增长的脱钩状态趋于缓和。[结论]应深入贯彻绿色发展理念并坚持因地制宜,合理应对区域水资源绿色利用和农业经济增长的关系。     

山东省碳排放演变特征与低碳发展研究

探究山东省各行业碳排放与经济增长的脱钩关系，对制定行业低碳经济转型和可持续发展“双碳”政策具有重要意义。本文以山东省6大行业相关数据为基础，采用IPCC碳排放核算体系、Tapi o脱钩模型，对碳排放与经济增长的脱钩关系进行探究。实证分析得出以下结论：（1）1997～2017年，山东省碳排放总体呈上升趋势，但是增长速度先快后缓。（2）工业碳排放量的变化趋势与山东省碳排放量变化趋势一致。（3）6大行业碳排放与经济脱钩情况：农业经济增长与碳排放脱钩趋势为扩张负脱钩-衰退脱钩；工业主要呈现弱脱钩状态；建筑业由负脱钩转向正脱钩；交运仓储业弱脱钩趋势明显；批发零售和住宿餐饮业由连接转向正脱钩；生活消费和其他在部分间达到强脱钩。基于上述分析，提出山东省产业低碳化发展路径，对山东省低碳社会发展具有积极的借鉴意义。     

基于脱钩分析的土地利用碳排放与经济增长关系研究——以陕西省为例

文章基于能源消费视角核算陕西省2000-2014年间土地利用碳排放量,引入TAPIO脱钩模型分析土地利用碳排放与经济增长之间的脱钩弹性关系。主要结论如下:(1)2000-2014年间,2001年和2005年土地利用碳排放与经济增长的脱钩关系处于扩张性负脱钩、扩张性连结,经济低碳化发展表现为不可持续状态,其余年份均表现为下降上升交替变化的弱脱钩状态,整体脱钩形势是相对乐观持续发展的状态。(2)引入中间变量能源消费量与经济增长的脱钩分析,2000-2014年间,土地利用碳排放与经济增长的脱钩主要是由基于土地承载的能源消费与经济增长的脱钩造成,脱钩程度受宏观经济环境和政府发展战略的影响上下波动较大。(3)陕西省土地利用碳排放与经济增长还未实现强脱钩的可持续发展状态,弱脱钩发展趋势在一定时期内仍将持续。脱钩分析揭示了陕西省经济发展中节能减排的严峻挑战,协调经济增长与碳排放的关系成为低碳建设的关键。     

中国省域碳排放时空格局及其影响因素实证研究

文章采用核密度估计及ESDA方法,分析1997-2017年中国各省碳排放强度的变化趋势及空间相关性,并构建GTWR模型对碳排放强度的驱动因素进行研究。结果表明:(1)中国省域碳排放强度均值呈现下降趋势,且各省之间的碳排放强度差异在缩小;(2)各省碳排放强度存在明显的空间自相关,"HH"集聚区域集中在西北地区,"LL"集聚区域集中在东部地区;(3)经济发展水平、对外开放程度、外商直接投资、城镇化水平、技术进步对碳排放强度有负向影响,工业化水平、政府干预以及人口密度在整体上对碳排放强度的影响为正,各回归系数存在时空异质性。为实现高质量发展,降低碳排放量,应增加技术投入,研发推广绿色生产技术;适当控制城市化进程,积极引导绿色低碳的生活消费方式;采取差异化的减排政策,推动高碳排放量低碳排放强度地区发展高新技术产业,推动高碳排放量低碳排放强度产业转型升级。     

甘肃省农业环境效率及碳排放约束下农业全要素生产率测算研究

[目的]考虑碳排放约束,分析甘肃省农业全要素生产率整体特征和区域特征,以期为提升甘肃省农业可持续发展能力提供参考。[方法]文章基于2005—2016年甘肃省14市州面板数据,以农业碳排放作为非期望产出指标,运用非径向、非角度的SBM模型和Malmquist—Luenberger生产率指数法,对甘肃省农业环境效率和碳排放约束下农业全要素生产率指数进行测算。[结果](1) 2005—2016年甘肃省农业环境效率值总体呈现下降—上升—趋于平缓的变化趋势,且均小于1;(2)碳排放约束下甘肃省农业全要素生产率总体呈现波动增长的趋势,年均值为1.010,年均增长率为1%,且主要来源于技术进步;(3)甘肃省农业全要素生产率增长存在显著区域差异,其中中部地区增长最快,陇东南地区次之,河西地区增长最慢。[结论]忽视碳排放将不利于农业可持续发展,建议各区域依据自身资源禀赋,采取差异化的发展思路,提高农业技术成果转化率是提升甘肃省农业全要素生产率的关键。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.