From philanthropy to a different way of doing business: strategies and challenges in integrating pro-poor approaches into tourism business

Pro-poor tourism means managing a tourism business so that it makes business sense for the operator and at the same time benefits the poor. Based on the Pro-Poor Tourism Pilot Programme conducted in southern Africa, this article argues that ‘mainstream’ commercial tourism can do much to embrace pro-poor approaches. In particular, the tourism sector needs to go further in shifting from philanthropic approaches to pro-poor approaches that entail doing business differently, with more committed changes to strategy and business structures. The pilot programme case studies reveal a range of potential business benefits companies can achieve through pro-poor approaches, such as enhanced social licence to operate and increased brand recognition. They also show that implementing a pro-poor approach depends on the company's context and circumstances. Such a shift entails a number of challenges and companies need to commit to making the necessary effort.     

Tourism industry reaction to climate change in Kgalagadi South District,Botswana

Climate change and adaptation have become major issues in contemporary tourism development and policy discussions, especially in southern Africa where the tourism industry is largely based on the natural environment and wildlife. Previous studies on tourism and climate change have mainly focused on the global north and snow-based winter tourism activities. This study aimed to fill the gap by examining tourism operators' perceptions of climate change in Kgalagadi South District, southwest Botswana, and looking at their adaptation strategies, if any. It was found that these operators were aware of the general impacts of climate change but most saw no impacts on the tourism industry and none recognised any impacts on their own operations. Most did, however, envisage challenges to future business growth and Botswana's tourism competitiveness. The perception that climate change did not currently have any impacts may explain why there were almost no adaptation strategies in place.     

Tourism impact,distribution and development: The spatial structure of tourism in the Western Cape province of South Africa

The structural dimensions of a country's tourism sector, and in particular the spatial structure of tourism production and consumption, relate closely to the nature and extent of the impact that tourism can have. This article examines the spatial characteristics of tourism in the Western Cape province, one of South Africa's foremost international tourist regions, and where its government seeks to use tourism as an instrument of development and socio-economic transformation. To understand how this could be effected it is necessary to understand the spatial distributional effects of tourism, and the underlying reasons for it. To this end the article examines the spatial structure of the provincial accommodation sector as evidenced in patterns of accommodation supply and tourist usage (demand); and trends in the nature, direction and distribution of public and private-sector tourism investments. The central argument is that tourism is geographically focused, with tourist activities concentrated in a few locales and sub-regions. This follows the general demographic and economic contours of the province. Yet trends in capital investments tend to reinforce the spatial concentration of tourism. Attempts by the government to spread tourism's benefits have not been too successful due to institutional and capacity deficiencies. Greater emphasis should be placed on developing domestic tourism.     

Tourism and local economic development: The case of the Highlands Meander

Local economic development (LED) planning is of major policy importance in post-apartheid South Africa. Although issues surrounding LED have attracted considerable policy attention, one neglected theme has been the role of tourism as a lead sector for LED. The aim of this article is to examine the planning and workings of one tourism-led LED initiative in South Africa. The case study is that of the Highlands Meander in Mpumalanga province, where five towns are collaborating in their LED initiatives in order to promote the area's tourism products. A key finding is that this growing tourism initiative is currently not benefiting local black communities. Recommendations are offered for developing a pro-poor tourism initiative.     

基于PPT战略的民族地区贫困人口受益模式研究——以湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州为例

湘西自治州是湖南省最贫困的地区之一,虽然其旅游资源非常丰富,旅游开发在一定程度上促进了当地经济的发展,但旅游发展没有体现出相应的扶贫效应。本文在分析湘西州旅游开发过程中贫困人口受益现状的基础上,对制约该区域旅游业发展中贫困人口受益的主要因素展开探寻,并提出了基于PPT战略的湘西州贫困人口受益新模式。     

基于PPT战略的神农架旅游深度开发探讨

PPT战略最先是由英国国际发展局提出的,其目的在于促进贫困人口经济利益的最大化,致力于贫困人口发展机会的开发.基于PPT战略,神农架的旅游深度开发要搞好三位一体的旅游格局,旅游形象三大层面,旅游产品三大品牌,三区一式旅游开发金三角和旅游深度开发的外部协作区.     

The road to pro-poor growth: the Indonesian experience in regional perspective

Indonesia's long-run ‘pro-poor growth’ record is among the best in Asia. It shows that appropriate policies can free societies from poverty's worst manifestations in a generation, a crucial message as democracy begins to influence the policy process. This paper places Indonesia's record in regional perspective, analysing determinants of income distribution in Asia and connecting this analysis to Indonesia's pro-poor growth process and the policy mechanisms that encourage pro-poor growth. Using a data set for eight Asian countries, it examines patterns of change in incomes and distribution across countries and over time. Building on Indonesian experience, the paper presents a pro-poor growth model encompassing three levels: improving the ‘capabilities’ of the poor, lowering transactions costs in the economy, especially between rural and urban areas, and increasing demand for goods and services produced by the poor. It finds that rapid pro-poor growth requires simultaneous and balanced interaction between growth and distribution processes.     

海南自由贸易港建设背景下三亚邮轮港综合竞争力研究

随着人们生活水平的提高和旅游业的快速发展,邮轮旅游受到越来越多人的青睐。在海南自贸港建设的背景下,三亚邮轮产业迎来了新的发展契机。通过实地调研和文献梳理,分析三亚邮轮港发展的优劣势,探讨其面临的机遇与威胁,并提出促进三亚邮轮港发展的策略与建议,以助力三亚邮轮产业健康持续快速发展。     

Is small beautiful? Understanding the contribution of small businesses in township tourism to economic development

The increased importance attached by policy-makers to the anticipated developmental effects of tourism in developing countries has been insufficiently examined by academic researchers, particularly in the context of the contribution of small firms in urban areas. This deficiency is addressed by providing a review of existing research followed by an analysis of interviews with 90 tourism business located within and outside the townships of Langa and Imizamo Yethu, Cape Town, South Africa. The findings reveal tensions between the different actors involved in township tourism. While the involvement of small, locally owned, businesses is beneficial, it is limited by conflicts of interest, lack of trust, limited social networks and little attachment to the township locality. The discussion highlights the complexity of tourism's role in economic development, which has significant implications for local policy-makers.     

Pro-poor birth coverage and child health in Africa

This paper explores which African countries had relatively low rates of underweight children and relatively high birth coverage (percentage of births with a skilled attendant) in the poorest quintile. Swaziland and Rwanda emerged as relatively ‘pro-poor’ in that both measures were more than one standard deviation better than predicted by GDP per capita. Unlike Swaziland, Rwanda’s status as an outlier was eliminated in regressions controlling also for urbanisation, medical professionals per 1000 people and health spending, suggesting that its pro-poor outcomes were related to these factors. AIDS funding may have helped Swaziland provide primary health care to the poor, but its high birth coverage preceded the HIV epidemic. Although relatively pro-poor in international terms, Swaziland and Rwanda emerged as relatively unequal by the CIX measure of health inequality with regard to percentage of underweight children across quintiles. It is important not to conflate relatively equal with relatively pro-poor health outcomes.     

基于外商直接投资渠道的国际技术溢出文献综述

本文从三个方面对基于外商直接投资渠道的国际技术溢出文献进行了梳理和总结,包括外商直接投资技术溢出的不同方向对东道国生产率水平的影响;外商直接投资技术溢出的四条主要渠道;并从技术溢出方和接受方两个角度,分析了影响外商直接投资技术溢出效应的因素。最后根据当前的国际经济形势,展望了未来该领域的研究方向。     

Does Economic Growth Really Benefit the Poor? Income Distribution Dynamics and Pro-poor Growth in Indonesia

We explore the nexus between poverty, inequality, and economic growth in Indonesia between 2002 and 2012, using several pro-poor growth concepts and indices to determine whether growth in this period benefited the poor. Our regression-based decompositions of poverty into growth and redistribution components suggest that around 40% of inequality in total household expenditure in Indonesia was due to variations in expenditure by education characteristics that persisted after controlling for other factors. We find that economic growth in this period benefited households at the top of the expenditure distribution, and that a ‘trickle down’ effect saw the poor receive proportionately fewer benefits than the non-poor. If reducing poverty is one of the Indonesian government's principal objectives, then policies designed to spur growth must take into account the possible impacts of growth on inequality.     

What we have learnt from post-1994 innovations in pro-poor service delivery in South Africa: a case study-based analysis

Service delivery is vital for alleviating poverty in South Africa. This paper contributes to the dialogue on how to maximise the impact of pro-poor service delivery by considering evidence from a wide selection of case studies to distinguish the successes and failures of post-1994 pro-poor service delivery. Case evidence brings to light four important points: that decentralisation and participation can reinforce historical distributions of privilege; that community ownership is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for effective service delivery to individuals in rural communities; that when managed well private outsourcing can benefit the poor; and that the abolition of user fees is often not the best way to ensure access to basic services. The paper cautions against overly ambitious and idealistic policy making. When a policy fails because of its lack of flexibility or its disregard for the constraints of the implementation context, this failure should be attributed to short-sighted policy making and not to implementation failure.     

学生职业发展需求视角下海南旅游管理本科生培养满意度评价及其影响因素

随着旅游业的迅速恢复与发展,其对人才需求程度也逐渐加大。为体现对培养旅游人才重视,教育部将旅游管理从工商管理学科中独立出来,成为管理学类学科的一大类。然而一些地方发现旅游管理类学生毕业后,学生发展预期似乎并不乐观。选择以学生职业发展为视角切入,对旅游管理本科生的专业培养满意度进行研究,通过文献回顾、数据收集以及实证分析,确定专业满意度量表由3个因子、14项评价要素组成,得出海南省旅游管理类专业学生对专业的满意度。同时通过方差分析,得出影响满意度的变量,并对高校相关专业提出人才培养相应策略与建议。     

基于主成分分析的经济绿色发展评价研究

我国经济快速增长引发了严重的生态环境问题，人们深刻意识到资源环境问题对我国经济发展的瓶颈作用。因此，我国必须发展绿色经济。以绿色经济的内涵为基础，结合国内外权威机构经典观点的高频指标并以相关文献中的指标为根据，建立了绿色经济评价指标体系。最后，采用主成分分析、聚类分析等方法对我国各省级行政区经济绿色发展进行实证研究。     

泰国国际旅游服务贸易对泰国经济的影响分析

国际旅游是国际服务贸易的重要组成部分。它涉及行业众多，且在国家之间具有财富转移性。图文分析了泰国近十年来的国际旅游贸易现状，并采用显示性比较优势指数分析了泰国国际旅游服务的竞争力。之后，对其近年来经济发展与国际旅游服务贸易收入之间的关系进行了实证分析。得出结论发现，泰国的国际旅游服务贸易能够提升资本投入，提供就业岗位，并最终提高泰国经济发展水平。     

我国出境旅游相关研究的特点分析

以SCI来源期刊、核心期刊和CSSCI来源期刊1992年至2016年国内发表的与出境旅游有关的共752篇期刊论文进行综合研究。首先，从时间和空间两个维度分析了我国出境旅游的发展特点，其次，归纳了我国出境旅游主要研究内容的六个方面，即出境旅游者、出境旅游市场、出境旅游消费特点、出境旅游的影响因素、出境旅游的贡献、出境旅游政策。最后，指出了我国出境旅游市场发展中存在的主要问题，提出应关注出境旅游新领域重视微观层面进行精细化研究。     

完善安徽省旅游扶贫机制的对策研究

旅游扶贫作为一种特殊性的扶贫开发形式，核心目标是通过发展旅游业带动贫困地区经济发展，但目前我省旅游扶贫工作仍然存在很多问题，文章在分析我省旅游扶贫工作现状的基础上，提出今后我省旅游扶贫工作应关注的重点，以此关注贫困人口利益这一核心问题．     

乡村振兴战略背景下海南乡村旅游质效提升研究

乡村旅游助推乡村振兴,乡村振兴促进乡村旅游。在乡村振兴战略背景下,梳理海南乡村旅游发展现状,指出海南乡村旅游发展遇到的瓶颈、困境,提出海南乡村旅游质效提升的思路和策略,包括开拓客源市场、锻造产品质量、提高经济效益和强化要素保障四个方面。     

青海囊谦县文化旅游资源特征及发展建议

为做好青海省囊谦县文化和旅游资源普查成果转化，推进文旅融合高质量发展，结合囊谦县文化和旅游资源地域分布特点和资源组合特色，提出主打高原生态旅游、高寒岩溶地貌科普研学旅游、盐文化科普研学旅游、藏传佛教文化体验旅游、格萨尔文化体验旅游、传统古村落文化体验旅游、自驾旅游、民族歌舞文化体验旅游八大品牌。将囊谦县分为香达镇综合旅游核心圈、西北部高山牧场观光旅游区、东部森林生态观光与户外休闲旅游区、西南部高山峡谷观光与宗教文化旅游区，结合囊谦县旅游发展规划，提出“一核八心两廊三区四线” 整体旅游发展总体布局，全面提升囊谦县文化和旅游产业品牌化、专业化和国际化水平。