The Reporting and Underreporting of Rape

A rape victim possesses a scarce resource: information about the crime. Thus, a victim's decision to report the crime to police, to allocate that resource, becomes an economic choice. A victim cannot receive social support or legal justice without revealing such information, but doing so creates real costs—social recrimination and lost privacy—with no guarantee of offender apprehension. This article explores the economics of the reporting and chronic nonreporting of rape in the context of this information-allocation problem. The empirical analysis addresses the extent to which social-support availability and evidentiary factors influence the reporting decision. Dichotomous and multinomial logit results, obtained using National Crime Survey data on a sample of rape victims, reveal how various demographic and crime-specific factors explain the decision to report and the selection of specific reasons for not reporting. Some of these factors reflect circumstances addressable as matters of procedure or policy.     

Measurements and determinants of multifaceted poverty in South Africa

Poverty, despite being a multifaceted concept, is commonly measured in either absolute or relative monetary terms. However, it can also be measured subjectively, as people form perceptions on their relative income, welfare and life satisfaction. This is the first study that uses the National Income Dynamics Study data to analyse poverty across various objective and subjective methods. The paper finds that while respondents' poverty status varies across methods, blacks remain the racial group most likely to be defined as poor by at least one method. The multivariate analysis reveals that the impact of some explanatory variables, such as experience of negative events, frequency of crime victimisation, health status and importance of religious activities, is mixed across methods.     

The relation of criminal activity to black youth employment

This article reports on a study which attempts to estimate the extent to which current and previous criminal activity reduces the employment of inner city black male youths from high poverty neighborhoods. The study finds a significant trade-off between employment and crime, with crime associated with a 10 to 12 percent reduction in employment of these youths. The policy implication is that increased criminal deterrence, as well as other programs, has a role to play in efforts to resolve the employment crisis for disadvantaged youths.     

金融诈骗罪的构成特征及立法完善

金融诈骗是市场经济发展进程中出现的一类新型犯罪,在修订后的刑法中被单列一节。深入研究这类犯罪的构成特征,对于实践中正确区分罪与非罪、此罪与彼罪的界限具有重要意义。限于当时的客观实际,刑事立法上存在一定的缺陷,为了适应当前打击金融诈骗犯罪的需要,应作进一步的完     

Real Exchange Rates and Fundamentals: Evidence from 15 OECD Countries

In an extended Balassa–Samuelson model, long-run real exchange rates are determined by relative productivity and terms of trade. We present evidence of systematic long-run relationships between these fundamental variables and real exchange rates in a data set covering 15 OECD countries from 1960 to 1996. High relative productivity is associated with real exchange rate appreciations in most cases. There is less support for the hypothesis that the terms of trade affect equilibrium real exchange rates.     

Policing the provinces: A budgetary analysis

This article examines the impact of the Financial and Fiscal Commission's (FFC) new provincial financing dispensation on the allocation of police resources and on the deliv ery of police services at provincial level. Trends in the police budget since the late 1989s are examined, and the existing provincial allocation of police resources is analysed, as well as the relationship between crime rates, socio‐economic variables and the provincial allocation of police resources. A new framework for the provincial allocation of police resources is subsequently proposed. This framework is based on the FFC's proposed provincial grants formula and the establishment of a Crime Equalisation Fund (CEF) which allocates additional police resources based on each province's per capita crime rates and specific priority crimes. The article argues that the phased reallocation of po lice resources to provinces via this new framework will contribute to a more equitable and effective utilisation of existing police resources, which in turn should have a positive impact on the delivery of police services and the levels of crime. It also suggests that the further devolution of the police budget to provinces is likely to be inhibited by the ANC's commitment to retaining a national, centralised police service. Thus, any further devolu tion of budgetary powers with respect to policing will be determined by the outcome of centre‐province political dynamics rather than by the need to combat crime more effec tively at provincial levels.     

How broad-based is broad-based black economic empowerment?

Common perceptions about broad-based black economic empowerment (BBBEE) have been that it is nothing more than a tool for the already affluent to access further wealth and has limited potential to address the economic exclusion of the most marginalised. An analysis was conducted of data on black economic empowerment (BEE) deals between 2004 and 2009. The findings demonstrate that although the elite continue to benefit from deals, broad-based beneficiaries, particularly employees and women, are also beginning to benefit to some extent. This suggests that empowerment policies have some potential to promote private sector involvement in addressing the state's social transformation agenda. However, a closer analysis of the BEE transactions shows that the BEE landscape is far more complex and nuanced than commonly thought. Further research is necessary to understand the real impacts of BEE on the ground.     

集聚外部性如何影响企业生产率?

文章基于中国制造业企业微观数据,在省份、地级以上城市和区县三个地理层面,检验和比较了集聚外部性的三个源泉影响企业生产率增长的内在机制。研究发现,在同一地理层面,投入共享对生产率的促进作用最大,劳动力池次之,知识溢出最小。分地理层面来看,投入共享效应在省份层面最明显,地级以上城市层面次之,区县层面最小;省份和地级以上城市层面的劳动力池效应大于区县层面;知识溢出效应仅在城市和区县层面成立。同时,集聚外部性的相对重要性还依赖于地区市场化进程和行业技术水平。文章结论有利于更深入理解集聚外部性与企业生产率的关系,从而进一步打开集聚经济的地理黑箱,也能够为公共政策在不同行政区划层次的精准发力提供理论支持。     

Crime, Job Searches, and Economic Growth

This paper constructs a theoretical model with which to analyze the puzzling links between unemployment and crime rates, described in the literature. Most theoretical papers on crime, such as Becker Journal of Political Economy 76, 169–217, (1968), Ehrlich Journal of Political Economy 81, 521–565, (1973), and İmrohoroğlu et al. International Economic Review 41, 1–25, (2000), emphasize the analysis of the equilibrium crime rate, dealing with the unemployment rate as an exogenous parameter, but little attention has been devoted to investigating the influence of the criminal market on the equilibrium unemployment rate in the labor market and how these markets interact. This paper illustrates how the causes of crime play a crucial role in the unemployment-crime relationship, wherein different causality result in different associative relationships between unemployment and crime. The aforementioned conclusion illustrates the theory explaining why the empirical findings related to the unemployment-crime relationship are mixed and equivocal. Second, this paper describes the diverse origins of crime, in which employed workers and unemployed workers have different incentives for entering a life of crime. Employed and unemployed workers assume different opportunity costs by engaging in criminal activities, resulting in different effects on the economy. This explains why crime rates relative to unemployment rates in different countries could be either procyclical or countercyclical.     

试论经济犯罪中对犯罪单位的强制措施

经济犯罪是一种严重扰乱市场秩序的违法行为。与自然人犯罪相比较而言,单位犯罪大多是一种有组织、有指挥的犯罪,在对抗侦查及逃避打击的能力方面,远远高于自然人,这就使得在经济犯罪的追诉中,对犯罪单位采取强制措施更为必要。对犯罪单位采取强制措施,在理论上符合刑事强制措施的对象特定性、强制性、保障性三大特征;在实践中应分两个主体分别设置相应的强制措施体系:其一,犯罪单位诉讼代表人,可采取拘传人身性强制措施;其二,对犯罪单位,可采取包括缴纳保证金、监视经营管理、支付禁止、关闭机构等等财产性强制措施。     

Youth unemployment in Northern Ireland

Nearly one tenth (8 per cent) of each cohort of school leavers in Northern Ireland experience long spells of unemployment and inactivity ("Status 0") between the ages of 16 and 18. This is important because many such young people are likely to end up unemployed and long-term unemployed in later life. In Northern Ireland around 15 per cent of the male workforce is unemployed, and around one half of these have been out of work for more than one year. This paper outlines the nature of the Status 0 experience amongst 16 and 17 year olds in Northern Ireland, and discusses three main aspects of policy which might guide the overall policy response in Northern Ireland and elsewhere.

Firstly, resources should be targeted carefully towards the most “at risk” young people, especially during the early stages of their progression through compulsory education. Secondly, relevant professionals should ensure that the most marginalised young people are not allowed to fall through the nets of mainstream provision and, in particular, every effort should be made to help young people avoid entering Status 0 immediately after leaving school. Thirdly, consideration should be given to the financial incentives faced by training providers in terms of recruiting low achievers who are at most risk of entering Status 0. There is some evidence to suggest that many of the existing incentives in Northern Ireland are inadequate and, in some cases, may exacerbate many of the problems faced by marginalised young people.     

基于DEA方法下的河南省污水处理厂财务成本控制研究

污水处理厂财务成本较高是造成污水处理企业运行效率低、甚至不运行的主要原因之一。文章借助数据包络分析方法（DEA）在效率评估中的应用,采用CCR模型构造了污水处理企业的运行效率定量评价模型,对焦作、新乡两市的8个污水处理企业的相对效率进行了评价,将评价结果用于污水处理企业的财务成本控制;同时利用求解结果,对非DEA有效的污水处理企业财务成本改进分别制定了调整方案。     

区域孵化器网络绩效的模糊群决策

企业通过建立指标体系,利用matlab编程实现模糊多属性群决策,结合广东省科技产业发展现状,以虚拟区域孵化器网络的模式建立包括广州、深圳、珠海在内的三个虚拟网络,并对各个区域孵化器网络进行孵化能力的评价,帮助待孵企业寻找最佳规模和运转条件的区域孵化器网络。     

高技术新企业创业网络、信息与投资回报——华南地区企业的实证研究

面对高度不确定的全球竞争环境,如何借助外部网络准确和及时的获取信息是高技术新企业提升投资回报的关键。本研究采取整群随机抽样方式,运用来自华南地区的高技术新企业的样本数据,对创业网络、信息及投资回报之间的影响关系进行了实证检验。研究表明,高技术新企业的支持性网络和企业间网络对投资回报具有显著的正向影响。同时信息获取在支持性网络和企业间网络两者与投资回报的关系中分别扮演了完全中介和部分中介的作用,揭示了支持性网络和企业间网络影响高技术新企业的信息获取,进而提升投资回报的影响路径和作用机理。     

城市化背景下农业产业化经营的现状、原因及对策——以杨凌示范区为例

以杨凌示范区为例,农业产业化经营的现状优势和困境并存的局面。优势在于产业集群初具规模,农字为主的品牌战略,农产品基地规模化,农业文化旅游飞速发展以及关注三农问题的调查增多;困境在于组织化程度低,社会化服务体系和市场流通体系不健全,科教培训和法律支持机会缺乏,农村老龄化严重。造成这种现状的原因在于,第一产业的局限性,社会保障制度不健全,户籍制度不合理,存在小农意识。为此从健全社会保障机制、政策扶持机制、销售畅通机制、加工储存机制、规范化品牌化机制以及教育培训机制作为对策,以提高农业综合效益。     

Social capital of black business owners

Analysis of data from the 1982Characteristics of Business Owners Survey reveals that there are some differences between the social capital (social resources available from group support networks) of black business owners and those of other ethnic groups. Black owners have had less exposure to entrepreneurial role models and training in firms run by close relatives than Asian, Hispanic, or nonminority male owners. They do not rely on their relatives or friends for business loans to the same extent as Asians, and show less such reliance than the other groups as well. Black owners compare favorably with Hispanics and nonminority males in using family funds as a source of nonborrowed capital, but are behind Asians. Black firms are relatively more likely to sell to minority customers and hire minority employees. Finally, black owners are the least likely to be married, which indicates some diminished help from the family, a key institution in group support networks.     

科技企业孵化器运营绩效空间分布及影响因素

为深入研究各省份科技企业孵化器运营绩效空间分布特征及其影响因素，采用2013-2021年各省份样本数据进行实证分析。通过DEA-Malmquist指数模型测算科技企业孵化器运营绩效及其分解效率，探究其空间分布特征，同时采用空间杜宾模型分析影响各省份科技企业孵化器运营绩效的因素。结果表明：国内各省的孵化器运营绩效存在明显差异，导致孵化器运营绩效不佳的主要原因是技术进步减缓；国内科技企业孵化器运营绩效存在显著的空间相关性；经济发展水平、政府支持程度、数字社会建设水平、区域创新活力对科技企业孵化器运营绩效呈显著正向影响且在省份间呈现正向空间溢出现象。基于研究结论，建议通过建立健全孵化网络机制、制定差异化扶持政策、激发区域创新活力等方面进一步推进中国科技企业孵化器运营绩效的提升。     

利用影响力受贿罪主体之探讨

《刑法修正案(七)》增设了利用影响力受贿罪,扩展了传统贿赂犯罪的主体。犯罪主体表述中的"近亲属"、"关系密切人"等模糊性用语,难具司法实践的可操作性。对犯罪主体进行清晰界定,对于利用影响力受贿罪的适用具有重要意义。     

网络传销犯罪的量化特征及其治理困境

对我国近十年对网络传销案件发生的时空分布特征、犯罪规模特征、刑罚特征及其影响因素进行量化分析与数据模型构建，旨在为我国刑事司法机关提供治理网络传销犯罪的循证依据。以大数据视域为切入视角，运用 Excel、Spss 等分析工具，对发生于 2012-2021 年的 946 起裁判文书判例进行时间序列、空间序列、刑罚特点、刑罚影响因素 , 以及结构特征、行为规律的综合分析与解释模型构建。结果发现：网络传销的犯罪数量呈现出逐年上升的趋势，其案发集中于我国南部省份以及中原地区，被告人被判处有期徒刑并处罚金是其最常见的刑罚种类；传销规模与涉案金额对网络传销犯罪的刑罚严重程度具有显著正向影响，被告人数量对于平均罚金具有显著正向影响；网络传销犯罪在实践中具有犯罪影响规模化、组织层级扁平化、运行模式多元化的结构型特征与行为规律；法律规制粗糙、侦查取证难度高、管辖争议性严重是当前我国刑事司法机关在打击网络传销犯罪的治理困境。     

对我国农业投融资环境的冷思考——以山东省为例

随着经济的快速发展,山东省农业的产业化发展趋势业明显加快,农业生产的平均规模扩大、投资力度增强,对资金投入的需求的也随之提高。但是,农业生产具有较大的脆弱性,受自然条件约束较大,其自身积累能力有限,部分地区、部分行业甚至只能维持简单再生产,因此要实现农业生产的扩张式、产业化发展,必须依靠外部的投融资支持。本文旨在对山东省各地区的农业融资环境现状进行深入的调查研究,分析农业融资存在的问题和不足并提出自己的对策建议,从而为全省农业融资环境建设提供一定的参考意见。