Evaluating the effectiveness of land use master plans in built-up land management: A case study of the Jinan Municipality,eastern China

China has implemented land use master plans to strictly control built-up land usage. The effective evaluation of land use master plan on controlling construction land is the premise of monitoring and early warning of planning implementation. It is also the basis for planning revision and further implementation of territorial spatial planning. In this study, we established a comprehensive index system based on three aspects: scale management, annual growth rhythm control, and spatial layout. We then analyzed the consistency between the actual situation for built-up land and the previous land use master plan of the Jinan Municipality in the Shandong Province of eastern China. The results showed that the master plan effectively controlled the scale of built-up land sprawl, such that the annual growth rhythm control level periodically increased over time. They also indicated the low efficiency of the built-up land spatial layout control. Overall, the previous land use master plan in Jinan had notable impacts. We recommend that land policy makers should adjust control standards and implementation intensity for spatial planning in the future to achieve scientific and effective planning for the management of construction land.     

Compliance of land cover changes with municipal land use planning: Evidence from the Lisbon metropolitan region (1990–2007)

In the past few decades, urbanisation has become a major phenomenon in European cities, thus representing one of the key human land cover changes with socio-economic and environmental impacts. In the Lisbon metropolitan region it is estimated that 17% of natural and farmland have been transformed into artificial areas. Since the end of 1990s, specific EU guidelines have been issued to contain urban sprawl and preserve agricultural land. Spatial planning in Portugal obviously is integrating these assumptions into the statutory land-use master plans. But what is the performance of this land use planning system regarding land cover evolution itself? Based on the Lisbon metropolitan region (LMR), one of the major areas of urban growth in Portugal, we examine spatio-temporal land cover patterns between 1990 and 2007 by integrating cross-matrix analysis, spatial metrics, and gradient analysis. Additionally, we overlay these land cover dynamics with municipal master plans that regulate land development in order to assess the compliance levels of this land-use regulatory system. Results indicate that: artificial areas are growing by coalescence and/or by scattered development along an urban–rural gradient; agricultural land is reducing and fragmentation is increasing to enlarge peri-urban spaces; there are high levels of conversion of agricultural land into urban land in protected areas, thus showing a lack of compliance to the land use regulatory system visible in the existing gaps between the original land-use assignments of the master plan and the actual developments.     

Agricultural landscape dynamics in response to economic transition: Comparisons between different spatial planning zones in Ningbo region,China

Many major agricultural regions worldwide are experiencing drastic landscape transformations. Examining the complex links among agricultural landscape dynamics (ALD), land use and land cover (LULC) change, socioeconomic development and government planning is pivotal to enhance the efficiency of agricultural landscape management. With a case of the Ningbo region (China), this paper employs the structural equation modeling (SEM) to quantify and compare the relationships between ALD and economic transition as well as the mediating LULC factors in different spatial planning zones. ALD are quantified by time series remotely sensed imageries and a set of landscape metrics; and economic transition is described by a set of indicators from three aspects (globalization, decentralization and marketization). Results show that ALD present similar trend in the two spatial planning zones between 1979 and 2013. However, the magnitude of ALD is larger in the non-urban planning zone. In particular, agricultural landscapes change into the fragmented, irregular, decreased, and isolated patterns at a more rapid pace. Economic transition drivers and LULC mediators differ remarkably between the two spatial planning zones. For the urban planning zone, economic transition influences ALD through construction land morphological changes and water body spatial density increases. For the non-urban planning zone, economic transition influences ALD through forest morphological changes and construction land spatial density increases. In addition, the relative importance of ALD determinants differs between the two spatial planning zones. Marketization plays a more critical role in driving ALD in the urban planning zone, while decentralization has a stronger impact on ALD in the non-urban planning zone. It is argued that land use master plan for agricultural landscape protection should be implemented in the non-urban planning zones and land use plan in the two spatial planning zones should be integrated. This study contributes to the understanding of the complex mechanism of ALD in response to economic transition.     

基于最小阻力模型的村域土地资源优化利用布局研究——以栾川县三川镇部分村庄为例

目的 通过对土地资源利用功能适宜性评价,结合土地利用现状分析,对乡村土地资源利用格局进行优化。方法 文章以栾川县三川镇部分村庄为例,构建土地资源生产、生活和生态功能分类指标体系,运用MCR模型对村域土地资源利用功能适宜性进行评价,通过分析土地资源利用现状与功能适宜性分区之间的冲突,制定相应的土地资源空间布局优化策略。结果 （1）根据MCR模型模拟结果,根据适宜性将研究区土地资源划分为生态保护区、限制开发区、后备开发区、优先开发区等4种类型分区;（2）根据土地利用现状与其适宜性之间的矛盾,可将生产功能区内碎片化的农用地、采矿用地和生活空间内零星建设用地优化为生态发展用地和对生态环境具有涵养作用的农业发展用地。优化后的生活用地面积减少了7.86hm²,工矿用地减少49.14hm²,生产用地中的农业用地增加20.11hm²,生态功能用地增加了36.89hm²,实现了农业生产用地集中连片、生活用地集约高效、生态用地充分保障的优化目标;（3）运用MCR模型模拟划定的土地资源分布格局呈现明显的圈层结构,并与当地的自然条件、区位条件相吻合,可为乡村规划和空间重构提供理论指导。结论 通过村域土地资源空间布局优化,实现乡村土地资源生产、生活和生态功能区协调有序,对推进乡村协调发展,落实乡村振兴战略具有重要意义。     

上海市建设用地空间布局的地面沉降环境影响评价

研究目的:研究上海市建设用地空间布局的地面沉降环境影响评价方法和现状。研究方法:以上海市为例,通过选取地基、地面沉降等条件,构建建设用地布局的危险度指标进行建设用地规划的环境影响评价。对建设用地规模和扩展区、交通站网、水电站网等规划进行评价,探讨上海市规划建设用地布局的地面沉降环境影响。研究结果:上海2006—2020年初步规划的建设用地、交通和水电等基础设施,最大限度地避开了地面沉降灾害的高危险度区,整体上较为合理。研究结论:以地面沉降灾害风险为例的建设用地布局环境影响评价对土地利用总体规划环境影响评价具有重要意义。     

土地利用规划的战略环境影响评价

研究目的:解决我国现有土地利用可持续发展目标之间矛盾,实现土地利用过程中的生态经济协同发展的战略目标。研究方法:比较研究与系统分析。研究结果:分析了我国土利用规划的现状及存在的环境问题;提出在土利用规划中引入环评,重点探讨了土地利用总体规划的战略环境影响评价(SEA)体系(内容、程序、指标体系、方法等)。研究结论:引入战略环境影响评价体系是土地利用总体规划的必然之路,而这一体系的建立和完善还需要不断地研究和实践。     

Methodology to calculate the carbon footprint of household land use in the urban planning stage

The growing concerns of climate change require implementing measures to quantify, to monitor and to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Nonetheless, most of the measures available are not easy to define or execute because they rely on current emissions and have a corrective character. To address this issue, a methodology to characterize GHG emissions that allows implementing preventive measures is proposed in this paper. The methodology is related to household urban planning procedures and considers urban infrastructures to characterize GHG emissions and to execute preventive measures based on sustainability design criteria. The methodology has been tested by applying it to a set of medium-sized municipalities with average GHG emissions from 6,822.32 kgCO_2eq/year to 5,913.79 kgCO_2eq/year for every residential unit. The results indicate that the greatest pollutant source is transport, especially in the issuance of street network design, followed by gas and electricity consumption. The average undevelopable land area required for the complete GHG emissions capture amounts to 3.42 m² of undevelopable land for every m² of urbanizable land and 9.02 m² of undevelopable land for every m² of built land.     

Dynamics and changes in spatial patterns of land use in Yellow River Basin,China

Rapid land use change has taken place in many arid and semi-arid regions of China over the past decade, such as in Yellow River Basin. In this paper, changes in the land use pattern of the Yellow River Basin were analyzed using Landsat TM data in 1990, 1995 and 2000. The aim was to improve the understanding of changes in land use with a view to identifying potentially more sustainable systems of land use. Firstly, the mathematical methodology was explored and developed for spatial pattern changes of land use, which include the degree index model of land use dynamic, index model of land use degree, mean center model of land use and transformation model of land use. Based on these models, the changing spatial patterns of land use were calculated and analyzed. During the period 1990–2000, the areas of cropland, built-up land and unused land all increased, the area of cropland increased dramatically by 2917 km², while the areas of grassland and woodland decreased by 4668 and 33 km², respectively. Meanwhile, the spatial pattern of land use also experienced a great change. Then the driving factors of land use change were investigated, the governmental policies on eco-environmental protection, population growth and meteorological conditions were the major factors that caused the land use change in the past decade.     

The intensity change of urban development land: Implications for the city master plan of Guangzhou,China

The Chinese economy has experienced substantial development over the last thirty years. This growth has resulted in an enormous expansion of China's urban areas and it has also led to a growing scarcity of land resources. Consequently, there is currently an urgent need to mitigate the conflict between the needs of growing urban areas and the shrinking supply of land resources. Understanding land-use intensity and its changes can provide important information to find mitigating measures for this conflict in the demand for land. Previous studies have found that increasing the utilization efficiency of land resources is one of the most effective ways to resolve this issue. This study focuses on the city of Guangzhou, which is an intensively developed megalopolis. A number of different data sources have been analyzed to find the characteristics and changes in urban land use in Guangzhou, including: Landsat data from 1979, 1990, 2000, and 2009; relative socioeconomic data from the Guangzhou statistic yearbooks; and the master plans of Guangzhou. The results indicate that the area of developed land has continued to increase. Urban development land intensity and its change were then explored using a Back Propagation neural network model of the city. Although the analysis revealed that urban development land did not have a higher intensity overall, it also showed that there was a sectional upward trend throughout the study period. Consequently, there is a potential to improve the land-use intensity of Guangzhou. A linear regression model was then adopted to explore the mechanism of land use change. The results reveal that rapid industrialization and urbanization have improved land-use intensity in Guangzhou. The per capita urban road area and per capita GDP show a strong relationship when compared with land-use intensity. Using the relative city master plans, the authors have argued that local government in Guangzhou has taken active steps to address land issues to promote the city's socioeconomic development; however, a scientific city master plan in the study area is still necessary to ensure the effective utilization of the city's limited land resources.     

Planning consistency and implementation in urbanizing China: Comparing urban and land use plans in suburban Beijing

The evaluation of the extent to which urban and land use planning have achieved their objectives is crucial to better management of urban land development. China’s urban and land use plans have the common purpose of controlling urban sprawl. This research aimed at comparatively assessing the consistency and implementation of these plans, considering the Changping District in suburban Beijing as a case study. Three main findings were obtained: (1) each plan used different strategies to control new developments, and there were several quantitative and spatial conflicts between the two plans; (2) neither plan has been well implemented or effective in controlling urban sprawl, despite the slightly better performance of the land use plan; (3) core-periphery decreasing trends were revealed in land quota allocation and effectiveness of planning implementation. Remote regular towns received the least land resources from the top-down planning system but also developed fast, mainly through informal and illegal approaches. Further investigation into the double failure of China’s current spatial planning system in quantitative and spatial control over urban land development requires a deeper integration of various spatial management systems, a fundamental transformation of planning philosophy, and a higher respect for peripheral areas in urban-rural integration. The planning assessment approach and reform recommendations developed on the basis of the Chinese practice are probably referable for other developing countries facing similar processes of rapid urbanization and imperfect spatial management.     

基于遥感影像的北京市城市规划区内农用地控制成效分析

研究目的：检验北京市城市规划区内农用地的规划控制成效。研究方法：遥感影像分析、GIS空间分析、实证分析。研究结果：规划农用地边界在控制农用地减少方面的作用十分有限；与1983年总体规划相比，1993年总体规划在农用地边界控制方面的成效略有改善。研究结论：城市规划区内农用地的规划控制尚存在较大问题。可能的调整手段包括：（1）加强对城市建设“界外选址”的控制；（2）在总体规划中充分考虑村镇居民点的扩展规模；（3）建立科学的城市人口规模预测方法；（4）加强农用地规划中的公共参与和公众监督。     

基于InVEST模型的太湖流域水源涵养服务价值评估

在气候变化与人类活动共同影响下,全球水生态系统现状不容乐观。以太湖流域为例,采用In VEST模型,动态评估了太湖流域水源涵养服务价值。结果显示:太湖流域2000年水源涵养总量为320.50亿m3,高于2010年的314.18亿m3,相应经济价值分别为1 958.48亿元和1 919.86亿元;太湖流域2000年与2010年的水源涵养量在空间分布特征上基本保持一致,均为:Ⅷ区Ⅰ区Ⅸ区Ⅲ区Ⅴ区Ⅵ区Ⅳ区Ⅶ区Ⅱ区。进一步剖析对影响水源涵养服务价值变化的驱动机制,研究表明:气候因素以及土地利用/覆被因素直接影响了太湖流域水源涵养总量与空间分布规律,而社会经济特征则是影响太湖流域水源涵养服务价值的间接因素。     

土地利用转型与乡村振兴

研究目的:论述土地利用转型与乡村振兴的关系。研究方法:理论分析及文献研究法。研究结果:论述了土地利用转型的概念内涵,探讨了土地利用转型与乡村振兴二者之间的相互关系,以及实现乡村振兴的土地利用转型路径。研究结论:不同的经济社会发展阶段,对应于不同的区域土地利用形态和土地利用转型阶段,由此必然带来特定的土地利用转型过程;乡村重构是实施推进乡村振兴战略的重要手段,也是关联土地利用转型和乡村振兴的纽带,依托土地利用转型与乡村重构实现乡村振兴是一项系统工程;乡村社会经济重构过程中生产要素的流动以及行为主体的响应必然带来地域空间结构和土地利用形态的变化,土地利用形态的转变反过来又作用于乡村重构与乡村振兴的实践;实现乡村振兴的土地利用转型路径主要包括重构乡村生产空间实现产业振兴,重构乡村生态空间实现生态振兴,重构乡村生活空间实现组织和文化振兴。     

Quantitative micro-scale flood risk assessment in a section of the Trotuș River,Romania

This paper focuses on the estimation of direct damages caused by three flood scenarios with different return periods in the section Făgetul de Sus – Ghimeş – Palanca Pass of Trotuș River, with the aim of highlighting the need of improved land use plans. The damage for three land use classes (residential building, infrastructure and agriculture) were estimated using the damage curves developed by the European Joint Research Centre (JRC) as well as site specific maximum damage values. The data were processed with the help of the ArcMap 10.2 software and FloodRisk tool from QGIS software. Furthermore, the flood risk was assessed using the damage – probability curves, which associates the damage with the corresponding frequency of occurrence. This method was identified and adapted to the characteristics of the study area in order to develop a methodology of flood risk assessment that is answering the question: does the lack of land use plans increase the vulnerability and the flood damage? The results showed that the greatest damages are registered for the residential building land use class for a flood probability of 0.001. In this case the damages reach up to 60% on the scale range of deterioration factor, the total damage value being 2 million euros. For the same hazard probability the total registered damage value for roads is 7500 euro, for railways is around 12,000 euro, while for agriculture is around 84,000 euro. These results highlight the need of protection measures and land use plans development and implementation. Regarding the protection measures we consider that the egalitarianism would be the concept that should be applied in the study area and also an improved cooperation between government, specialized agencies and local authorities at local level would lead to a more efficient flood risk management process. The proposed methodology can be applied for micro-scale analysis, providing quantitative results regarding the flood damage and flood risk assessment. It includes a detailed vulnerability analysis of the elements-at-risk with the aim of developing a more comprehensive approach of flood risk assessment.     

Public health in linkage to land use: Theoretical framework,empirical evidence,and critical implications for reconnecting health promotion to land use policy

The increasing health burdens pose great challenge for planners and policy makers to create a more livable city. Recent literature has linked land use to a wide range of illness and death causes in developed nations. It therefore requires evidence-driven and replicable frameworks to inform land use decisions that integrate with health promotion. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for the mechanistic links between neighborhood land use and public health; and then quantifies their associations at district level, using the case of Shenzhen in developing China. Data for 15 health indicators in 2010 are collected at district level; and a set of standardized land use variables (individual land use type, general land use mix, and physical street conditions) are proposed to comprehensively reflect the neighborhood land use characteristics. Spatial regression is employed to analyze the relationships between health outcomes and land use variables. Results show that the land use exploratory variables vary with health indicators, but several key land use determinants are identified: green land abundance, green land morphology, institutional land proximity, industrial land proximity, blue land abundance, street walkability and street connectivity. Structural equation modeling is further applied to examine the possible mediators and it demonstrates that the casual pathways between land use and public health are quite complex. The developed set of standardized land use variables can serve as practical tools to facilitate land use decisions with health considerations. In practice, several complexities at governance levels challenge the efforts to reconnect land use policies and public health promotion. We put forward three useful solutions to enhancing health connection with land use policy across different international settings. This study captures the nuanced health disparities varied with districts and indicators, and therefore produces some more generalized knowledge that ultimately helps develop land use policies aimed at promoting public health at home and abroad.     

The dynamics of land-cover change in western Honduras: exploring spatial and temporal complexity

This paper presents an econometric analysis of land‐cover change in western Honduras. Ground‐truthed satellite image analysis indicates that between 1987 and 1996, net forest regrowth occurred in the 1015 km² study region. While some forest regrowth can be attributed to a 1987 ban on logging, the area of forest regrowth greatly exceeds that of previously clear‐cut areas. Further, new area was also deforested between 1987 and 1996. Thus, the observed land‐cover changes most likely represent a complex mosaic of changing land‐use patterns across time and space. Using satellite imagery from 1987, 1991 and 1996, we estimate a series of models, including binary probit models for each date, and a random‐effects probit model using panel techniques. We also experiment with spatial sampling schemes designed to reduce residual spatial autocorrelation, and qualitatively compare the impact of spatial sampling on model accuracy. Lastly, we find that changes in relative prices, infrastructure improvement, and topography are all significantly related to changing land‐cover patterns.     

安徽省城市土地集约利用水平时空变化特征研究

通过构建安徽省城市土地集约利用水平综合评价体系,对近10年来17个城市土地集约利用水平进行综合评价;在SPSS软件环境下,运用Spearman秩相关系数和聚类分析法对评价结果进行时空分析,结果表明,1993-2003年,全省大部分城市土地集约利用水平逐渐上升,但以六安为代表的9个城市土地集约利用水平有所下降;全省城市土地集约利用水平空间差异显著,南高北低;从经济、人口、环境、政策方面探讨了城市土地集约利用水平变化和差异的原因,并就此提出相应的建议。     

转型期山东省土地利用战略研究

实现土地利用方式由粗放型向集约型的转变，是转型期山东省土地利用战略的关键。主要措施包括：以市场为导向调整用地结构，发展高效生态农业，实现土地的多元化利用；加强土地整理复垦，改造中低产田，提高农业生产的抗灾害能力和粮食保障水平；积极推进城镇化，优化城镇空间结构，提高城镇土地产出率；制定科学可行的土地利用规划、城镇及城镇体系规划；建立与市场经济体制相适应的土地资源管理体系。     

开发区土地集约利用研究——以江苏省为例

开发区土地资源集约利用关系到区域社会经济和生态环境的可持续发展,也关系到开发区土地利用扩展程度和扩展方式.通过利用江苏省18个开发区调查资料,选取14个指标,构建开发区土地产出驱动力模型.从开发区的角度上来看,土地资源是开发区存在的前提和基础,土地闲置是开发区土地集约利用程度提高的首要限制性因素,开发区的区位很大程度上影响其土地集约程度,也说明苏南地区开发区土地集约利用高于苏中和苏北地区,土地集约利用水平的区域差异较为明显.在评价的基础上,提出提高开发区土地集约利用的建议.     

省级开发区土地集约利用评价改进研究

为了解决现行评价工作中的不足,对影响安徽省级开发区土地集约利用的因素进行系统性分析,构造全面的评价指标体系和分析视角,使开发区管理机构全面、真实的掌握土地集约利用状况,促进土地节约集约利用.通过收集资料、调查研究,以客观评价为主、主客观评价相结合,系统性分析了影响省级开发区土地集约利用因素,以“开发区管委会”和“入区企业”两类主体,分别构建土地集约利用评价指标体系,实现既考虑到各个省级开发区的实际情况又能很好地为开发区的横向比较和整个省域内开发区的统筹和规划,以及相关政策的制定提供参考作用,使成果的利用更具针对性.