Assessing lost cultural heritage. A case study of the eastern coast of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria city (Spain)

Land use changes have caused important losses of cultural elements around the world. While sometimes due to the impact of natural disasters, in recent decades urban sprawl invading coastal areas has intensified these losses. This process is one of the main factors responsible for the globalization of urban spaces worldwide, which implies a loss of cultural elements with heritage value. This is the case of the eastern coast of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria city (Canary Islands, Spain), which underwent major transformations from the late XIX century to the 1960s. This study evaluates the historical and cultural heritage lost along this stretch of coast. Historical sources were used to identify lost heritage elements, which were divided into four categories (military, industrial, commercial/services, and public infrastructure) and evaluated by 56 experts for six clearly defined intrinsic variables: uniqueness, identity, scientific, historical-cultural, aesthetic and social. Overall, the lost elements were given a medium heritage value score, with the highest valued elements tending to be associated with commerce/services. A link was also established between elements with the highest heritage value and the willingness to pay for them. The results of this work are of academic, social and educational interest, and can have a positive effect on the cultural sustainability of future urban planning.     

创新发展理念 建设生态文明——首都园林绿化科学发展的新谋划

发展首都园林绿化事业是加快生态文明建设的重要基础,建设社会主义新农村的重要支撑,建设生态环境的重要载体。实现首都园林绿化科学发展要解放思想,探索新理念;要坚持改革创新,探索新举措;要坚持以人为本,探索新途径;要坚持科学发展,探索新方法。工作思路:实施精品战略,统筹城乡区域,树立"大园林、大绿化、大产业、新水平"理念,全力建设以节约型、效益型、创新型、人文型、服务型为主的现代园林绿化的首都。     

中国农业文化遗产的空间分布特征及影响因素分析

[目的]为更加全面掌握中国农业文化遗产资源空间分布规律及其影响因素,地理信息系统(GIS)作为定量化和可视化的分析方法具有重要意义。[方法]该研究尝试以中国境内已被全球重要农业文化遗产或中国重要农业文化遗产名录收录的62处农业文化遗产为数据源,通过ArcGIS 10.3的空间分析工具对农业文化遗产进行空间特征分析和核密度估计,并结合农业文化遗产的地域特征研究影响农业文化遗产空间分布的因素。[结果](1)农业文化遗产呈带状分布、组团状分布,分布不均衡,总体空间分布类型属聚集型;(2)农业文化遗产地域间差异明显,主要集中于我国中部和东部,长江、黄河流域内多而流域外少,沿海多而内陆少,西南部多于西北部和东北部;(3)农业文化遗产的空间分布聚集区域有5个,主要以京津、浙东、陇东、黔东、滇西为核心;(4)影响农业文化遗产空间分布的主要因素是独特的地域资源、差异化的民族特点、复杂的文化生态环境。[结论]在开展农业文化遗产地保护工作时,地理信息系统的引入将为农业文化遗产地保护提供精准决策依据和数据支撑,未来需要深入发掘地理信息系统的数字化、信息化、可视化技术在农业文化遗产信息管理、资源评估、保护规划的运用深度和广度。     

Indicators for assessing changing landscape character of cultural landscapes in Flanders (Belgium)

The increasing pace and scale of landscape change initiated a renewed interest in cultural and heritage values of the landscape. Efforts are made in inventorying, monitoring, and evaluating landscapes, needed for developing management and conservation plans, and also new concepts emerged. Landscape character became a new paradigm, as well as time depth and landscape change trajectory or path. Also, the use of landscape indicators for describing character and assessing changes has been widely tested. In Flanders, the rich landscape diversity is degrading rapidly due to extreme urban pressure and severe fragmentation by transport infrastructures. In this study a series of spatial data layers was used to describe and map the transformation of landscape character. Historical topographical maps and orthophotomaps from different periods were used to define landscape character types, which were mapped as polygons in a GIS. Map overlaying allowed analyzing the time depth and landscape constancy. The landscape character types were used as patches for the spatial and structural analysis and defining indicators of character change. A selection of class and landscape-based landscape metrics were used as such indicators, as well as the openness of the landscape. This selection was based upon the presumed relationship between the indicator and perceivable (visual) properties relating to landscape character. The landscape indicators express change very differently and several indicators are necessary to assess changes in the landscape character.     

基于市民偏好的北京城市社区园林绿化布局研究

在2017年北京市五环路范围以内1052位受访市民的问卷调查的基础上,采用多元Logit模型对市民的偏好进行了实证分析,探究了不同城市园林绿化布局方案与包括市民个体特征、家庭特征、市民化特征以及园林绿化特征在内的诸多因素之间的关联及影响关系,并就北京市民选择各种园林绿化布局方案的概率进行了估计。研究结果表明:⑴北京市民普遍偏好于以自然形态实施建设的园林绿化布局方式,而市民对于园林绿化的人为管护的需求同样客观存在;⑵市民的年龄越大、收入越高,每年在京居住月份越多、每年去公园次数和在公园支出越多,他们就越偏好于自然形态的园林绿化选择,反之越偏好于人工形态的园林绿化选择;⑶市民的学历越高、家庭规模越大、距公园的距离越远,他们就越偏好于人工形态的园林绿化选择,反之越偏好于自然形态的园林绿化选择;⑷性别和居住年限因素未产生显著性影响。基于研究结论提出建议:应统筹城市园林绿化布局建设的自然与人工属性,增强城市园林绿化布局建设的实用性,提升城市园林绿化政策制定的市民参与程度。     

Local participation in cultural landscape maintenance: Lessons from Sweden

Local participation has evolved as a strategy in the conservation and maintenance of biological and cultural values in cultural landscapes. The meaning(s) of the concept, however, are fuzzy, and conditions for fruitful implementation have only been investigated to a limited extent. In this article, a couple of Swedish cases serve as points of departure for a better understanding of the prerequisites and critical aspects as regards an increased local involvement in landscape management. A review of research on community participation reveals some essential aspects; power relations, participants, the institutional framework, organisation, communication, knowledge building, monitoring and contextual factors. These aspects have formed the structure for the analysis of two cases within which local involvement is considered successful; Southern Öland, where community involvement in seminatural grassland management has been experienced in LIFE-projects and in the process of becoming a UNESCO World heritage site, and Mälarhagar, an integrated restoration and beef production project carried out in close collaboration with farmers. The results are discussed in terms of successful ingredients, counterproductive aspects and operational difficulties. The findings show that trust, communication and local influence are vital ingredients in a participatory approach. Communication and co-management are pointed out as central areas of competence for executives working with landscape management and planning. There are, however, collisions between directives concerning nature conservation and directives concerning public participation. For successful local involvement, the subject for collaboration has to be broadly defined. Furthermore, the strong emphasis on collaboration in participatory approaches demands that democratic aspects have to be considered.     

Landscape as a Focus for Integrating Human and Environmental Processes

The landscape has long been an important object of rural policy, particularly in terms of protecting scenic areas. Increasingly, however, landscape is seen as a multifunctional and holistic entity, which provides a framework for the governance and interdisciplinary study of spatial units. A central dilemma in the maintenance of cultural landscapes is that the historical practices which produced them are often obsolete, and new social and economic forces may fail to reproduce their valued properties. Sustainable development strategies therefore seek to instil ‘virtuous’ circles in cultural landscapes, linking society and economy to environmental service functions and land uses, in order to generate mutually reinforcing feedback loops resulting in socially preferred outcomes. We explore ways of investigating these linkages as a basis for future rural research and policy. We conceptualise cultural landscapes as ‘socio‐ecological systems’ (SESs), and consider their capacity for resilience and stability. Noting that resilient systems are characterised, not by simple equilibria, but by ‘basins of attraction’, we argue the need to understand the ways in which SESs stabilise within a particular basin, or move to an alternative. In particular, we reflect on the dynamics of ‘adaptive cycles’ that may lead to changes in system state. Finally, we discuss the development of appropriate models as tools for investigating whether a landscape is trending towards stability within a ‘vicious’ or a ‘virtuous’ circle, and evaluating potential interventions to alter this trajectory.     

Ramshackle farmhouses,useless old stables,or irreplaceable cultural heritage? Local inhabitants’ perspectives on future uses of the Walser built heritage

Social and economic developments in rural regions call for a discussion of strategies of dealing with redundant traditional buildings. Using a social science approach, our study examines how the local population in two rural regions perceives the built heritage and which factors are underlying these perceptions. People’s attitudes towards maintaining the cultural heritage vary considerably and are partly influenced by the socio-cultural and economic context of the region. The present article discusses some of the core regional socio-cultural influences on attitudes towards the rural built heritage. Following from qualitative interviews, the article concludes that the scale of perception of the built heritage is related to the “liveliness” of the local culture: The more original and distinctive the local culture is, and the more the local economy is still based on agriculture, the wider the scale of perception of the traditional cultural landscape and built heritage. In a region with local traditions that are alive and followed in everyday life, and a local economy that is mainly based on agriculture, the entire settlement structure is perceived as cultural heritage. In such areas, alternative uses should be found for redundant buildings. In contrast, in regions where the culture is less visible and alive nowadays and where the local economy has changed, people tend to perceive single buildings as representing their cultural heritage, and they often wish to preserve and conserve such remaining houses, barns and stables. In the study, we show that from a social science point of view, there is no universal perception of the maintenance of built cultural heritage. Rather, we see different views and opinions that are important to consider when it comes to developing heritage protection strategies together with public authorities.     

建造蕴含竹文化的竹旅游景观研究

竹旅游景观研究结果表明:竹旅游景观资源有竹子植物园、竹主题观赏园、竹景点、竹盆景、竹艺术观赏园、竹文化园6种;竹与精神文化、生活文化、工艺文化、艺术文化等中国传统文化具有历史渊源关系;竹具有其独特的竹韵、竹色、竹境等自然美学特性;造景方式有孤植、丛植、群植、竹径、竹篱、盆栽6种;充分挖掘竹的自然旅游资源、历史人文资源和现代社会旅游资源,设计与建造出蕴含竹文化的竹旅游景观。     

伏牛山生态旅游开发与文化建设的互动效应

伏牛山位于河南西南,东西绵延几百公里,构成黄河、淮河和长江三大水系分水岭,属于北亚热带向暖温带的过渡地带,其独特的地理位置,造就了奇特的自然景观;悠久的历史,留下了丰富多彩的历史文化遗产。本文在对伏牛山生态旅游开发与文化建设中存在问题分析的基础上,提出伏牛山生态旅游开发与文化建设互动发展之举措,以提升伏牛山的旅游形象和文化内涵。     

基于美丽乡村建设的乡村绿地规划研究

随着美丽乡村建设项目在全国范围内的大规模推进,乡村绿地的功能特性逐渐引起人们的重视,乡村绿地规划对构建社会主义农村新风貌,推进社会主义新农村建设具有重要的意义。文章通过对乡村绿地"农业、生态、景观、游憩、文化等"方面功能的认识,充分肯定了绿地景观在美丽乡村建设中的重要性;根据绿地景观、层次、文化原则对绿地规划中的宏观布局模式、中观布局模式及微观布局模式类型进行了深入考究;同时针对公共绿地、道路绿地、河道绿地、宅前屋后绿地、庭院绿地等绿地构成要素的功能特征及景观特征,选择适宜的设计方法。文章还根据乡村绿地发展中存在的问题提出健全政策法规,强化基层宣传;丰富理论研究,创新规划设计方法;融入历史文化元素,突出景观文化特性;完善乡村建设机制,健全绿地规划监管系统等对策措施,以期对我国美丽乡村建设提供理论及实践借鉴。     

Characterizing European cultural landscapes: Accounting for structure,management intensity and value of agricultural and forest landscapes

Almost all rural areas in Europe have been shaped or altered by humans and can be considered cultural landscapes, many of which now are considered to entail valuable cultural heritage. Current dynamics in land management have put cultural landscapes under a huge pressure of agricultural intensification and land abandonment. To prevent the loss of cultural landscapes, knowledge on the location of different types of cultural landscapes is needed. In this paper, we present a characterization of European cultural landscapes based on the prevalence of three key dimensions of cultural landscapes: landscape structure, management intensity, and value and meaning. We mapped these dimensions across Europe at a 1-km resolution by combining proxies on management intensity and landscape structure with new indicators such as social media usage and registered traditional food products. We integrated the three dimensions into a continuous “cultural landscape index” that allows for a characterization of Europe’s rural landscapes. The characterization identifies hotspots of cultural landscapes, where all three dimensions are present, such as in the Mediterranean. On the other hand, Eastern and Northern European cultural landscapes are mostly characterized by only one of the dimensions. Our paper can help to identify pressures to cultural landscapes and thus to target measures for the conservation of these landscapes, to link similar landscapes in different regions, and to inform policy design on the most important characteristics of cultural landscapes at a regional scale.     

The role of landscape amenities in regional development: Evidence from Swiss municipality data

Several recent regional and migration studies have identified landscape amenities as potentially important drivers of migration and local economic change in the United States. To date, these empirical approaches have rarely been applied to European data in spite of an impressive European cultural landscape heritage. Here, we apply a regional adjustment model to data from 2467 municipalities in Switzerland to examine how landscape amenities and related policies affected regional development along with fiscal, demographic and infrastructure variables in the period from 1995 to 2005. In the population equation, the coefficients of the standard variables show a consistent pattern that parallels the findings of earlier work. Moreover, we find that population was positively affected by closeness to major lakes and by abundance of open space. However evidence on positive effects of traditional landscape elements such as extensive orchards and vineyards is limited. Furthermore, municipalities with national heritage townscapes grew less than those without, while the density of hiking trails had no significant effect. In the employment equation, employment was consistently affected by demographic factors and accessibility but not by the landscape amenity variables, except that employment grew less in municipalities that are part of an inventory of nationally significant landscapes. The lack of measurable local benefits from nationally significant landscapes and townscapes suggests that policies to preserve these amenities should be implemented and financed by the national government.     

Maps as Coasian coordination tools: Heritage conservation and map representation

This paper is an original attempt to apply transaction cost reasoning to interpret map representation as a Coasian organizational coordination tool, the essence of Coase’s (1937) theory of the firm, in modern active heritage conservation planning by the state as a firm. It is argued that maps, which have been used by voluntary organizations to promote their causes in heritage conservation, is pivotal in reducing transaction costs of heritage identification, grading and planning, by non-market means, in contrast to the case of commercial dealings in small artifacts and relics. Two Hong Kong examples of heritage conservation by NGO mapping, one backed by government and the other recipient of a UNESCO Asia-Pacific award, are used to demonstrate this proposition in terms of twelve functions maps can serve in organisational coordination.     

Assessing,mapping, and quantifying cultural ecosystem services at community level

Numerous studies underline the importance of immaterial benefits provided by ecosystems and especially by cultural landscapes, which are shaped by intimate human–nature interactions. However, due to methodological challenges, cultural ecosystem services are rarely fully considered in ecosystem services assessments. This study performs a spatially explicit participatory mapping of the complete range of cultural ecosystem services and several disservices perceived by people living in a cultural landscape in Eastern Germany. The results stem from a combination of mapping exercises and structured interviews with 93 persons that were analyzed with statistical and GIS-based techniques. The results show that respondents relate diverse cultural services and multiple local-level sites to their individual well-being. Most importantly, aesthetic values, social relations and educational values were reported. Underlining the holistic nature of cultural ecosystem services, the results reveal bundles of services as well as particular patterns in the perception of these bundles for respondent groups with different socio-demographic backgrounds. Cultural services are not scattered randomly across a landscape, but rather follow specific patterns in terms of the intensity, richness and diversity of their provision. Resulting hotspots and coldspots of ecosystem services provision are related to landscape features and land cover forms. We conclude that, despite remaining methodological challenges, cultural services mapping assessments should be pushed ahead as indispensable elements in the management and protection of cultural landscapes. Spatially explicit information on cultural ecosystem services that incorporates the differentiated perceptions of local populations provides a rich basis for the development of sustainable land management strategies. These could realign the agendas of biodiversity conservation and cultural heritage preservation, thereby fostering multifunctionality.     

非物质文化遗产旅游化生存背景下文化生态系统建构与解构——以赫哲族非物质文化遗产为例

本文在分析旅游开发对非物质文化遗产正负影响的基础上,建构旅游化生存背景下非物质文化遗产文化生态系统模型,提出非物质文化遗产文化生态系统包括政府行为、非物质文化遗产、旅游企业和游客行为等四个子系统,并以赫哲族为例对非物质文化遗产文化生态系统进行解构。     

黄山景区国家级黄山松自然保护区建设的探讨

黄山是我国著名的4A国家风景名胜区,世界自然与文化遗产和世界地质公园;黄山松是黄山景区重要的自然景观和旅游资源。1982年在南京首次出现的松材线虫病疫情已蔓延至黄山周围地区,对黄山景区内黄山松资源造成巨大威胁;通过对松材线虫病对黄山松威胁的分析,探讨了在黄山建立国家级黄山松自然保护区的建设问题,并提出了保护区的管理措施。     

高校校园植物景观规划设计

校园环境的美化是构成大学建设的重要部分,更是高等教育发展的体现。优美的校园环境在塑造大学生完美的人格、促进大学生身心健康等方面起到积极的作用。园林绿化是校园环境建设的重要组成部分,也是一项基础性的工作,而植物造景又是园林绿化要素中的重中之重。本文通过对高校校园植物景观规划设计的研究,为高校校园植物景观建设提供参考。     

基于产业融合视角的少数民族农村非物质文化遗产旅游开发与保护研究*——以景宁畲族县为例

[目的]产业融合是现今产业发展的重要趋势,产业融合有助于非物质文化遗产的传承及其价值的深度发掘。景宁是我国唯一的畲族自治县和华东地区唯一的少数民族自治县,县内自然村落民间文化悠远,是畲族宝贵的财富。从产业融合视角出发,构建畲族非物质文化遗产旅游开发与保护的融合发展模型,提出融合发展路径,不仅有助于畲族非物质文化遗产资源挖掘与保护,而且为我国其他少数民族集聚区域更好地抢救、保护和发展传统非遗文化提供借鉴与启示。[方法]运用文献梳理、实地调查访谈等研究方法,对景宁县的主要少数民族自然村畲族非物质文化遗产资源类型与现状进行分析。[结果]景宁县少数民族农村畲族非物质文化遗产开发存在习俗、民歌、服饰濒临消失、古老建筑、仪式举办场所濒临泯灭、医术、药物、偏方面临失传和特色工艺缺乏传承艺人等问题。[结论]景宁县少数民族农村畲族非物质文化遗产开发可选择渗透型融合、重组型融合和延伸型融合3种有效路径,在建立产业协调机制、开展非遗资源普查、培育非遗文化载体阵地和拓展旅游开发新手段、新途径等方面下功夫,更好促进畲族非物质文化遗产旅游开发与保护融合发展。