The elasticity of derived demand, factor substitution, and product demand: Corrections to Hicks' formula and Marshall's Four Rules

The concept of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor, introduced by John Hicks and Joan Robinson over 75 years ago, has had important implications in labor economics and several areas of economic inquiry. In his The Theory of Wages (1932/1963), Hicks developed a formula that has proven very useful in relating the substitution elasticity to the derived demand for productive factors, the distribution of factor incomes, and Marshall's Four Rules. This short paper shows that the original and subsequent derivations of Hicks' celebrated formula contained a slip (that factor shares are independent of the substitution elasticity and therefore constant), presents a new derivation and a corrected formula, and demonstrates that, with the corrected formula, Marshall's First Rule based on the substitution elasticity is no longer generally valid.     

The Economic Sociology of Alfred Marshall:An Overview

A bstract The aim of the paper is to present the economic sociology of Alfred Marshall (1842-1924). Three topics are discussed in the paper: Marshall's ideas of how preferences are generated, the theory of action, and finally the introduction of a fourth factor of production, organization. Throughout the paper Marshall's broad perspective is demonstrated. It is argued that Marshall's approach encourages a closer connection between sociologists interested in economic phenomena and economists. This conclusion is strengthened because of the resemblance of Marshall's analysis to those offered by Max Weber and Thorstein Veblen.     

Probability and the subjective evidence condition

This article is an attempt to clarify and possibly extend Achinstein's idea of subjective evidence. The argument is made that even though the idea of subjective evidence is ambiguous in many respects, if clarified, it holds potentially important consequences for various branches of knowledge. An attempt is made to show how the concept of subjective evidence may be given a probabilistic interpretation. This is done by introducing the idea of a potentially relevant class of evidence statements.     

The Evolution of the Sophisticated Quantity Theory: Marshall vs.Wicksell on Transaction Demand

When the money supply increased exogenously, Marshall's vs. Wicksell's versions of short run inflation transmission are shown to be different because of their ideas on money demand. During the approach to monetary equilibrium, the implication was that the demand for transactions cash balances would have to increase in order for inflation to stop. Marshall focused on the real, while Wicksell focused on the nominal, demand for such balances; Marshall assumed velocity of money was constant, while Wicksell assumed it to be pro-cyclic. These assumptions about money demand caused them to make different predictions on how much prices would eventually rise: Marshall described a price-undershoot, while Wicksell described a price-overshoot mechanism.     

论新形势下的教育创新

通过创新教育,促进教育优化发展,教育资源的合理应用,解放思想,在教育发展上不搞"冒进式"发展。创新教育,要树立大教育观念,树立终身教育的思想,树立现代人才观,树立科学的教育质量观。创新教育,是教与学的创新,加强教师创新精神的培养,更新观念,教育创新,是教育管理者的创新。教育创新要广泛应用现代科学技术及现代网络信息。     

How to measure polyarchy with Freedom House: a proposal for revision

In studies on democracy and democratization, the Freedom House Index (FHI) is frequently used to measure the concept of polyarchy. This approach creates an often noticed discrepancy between the conceptual and measurement levels. The concept of polyarchy is regarded as a minimalist definition of democracy, which mainly refers to the procedural aspects of political systems, while FHI indicates a maximalist definition of democracy. This article presents a proposal to improve the conceptual validity when FHI is used to measure the concept of polyarchy. The proposal suggests that the FHI is adjusted in two aspects. First, some sub-categories within the FHI are excluded based on their lack of relevance for the concept of polyarchy. Second, the principle of aggregation is changed from simple arithmetic addition to multiplication, which corresponds to the idea that all democratic institutions, according to the concept of polyarchy, are necessary for the democratic system. These two suggestions create a revisited index that is based on the FHI. As illustrated with empirical analyses, the revisited index provides a quite different view of democratization at the global and state levels.     

基于休闲模式的大学体育课程设计研究

随着社会的发展,生活水平的稳步提高,人们向往已久的休闲时代已来临,休闲体育是近年来新兴的体育项目,属于体育观念的一种理念。高校究竟建立什么样的体育课程,人们有着不同的认识和解读。本文阐述了休闲体育的内涵,分析了高校体育课程设置存在的弊端,明确了高校体育课程引入休闲体育的必要性,对高校休闲体育课程内容进行了构思,为今后高校体育教学改革提供理论依据。     

Relative information functions and their type (α, β) generalizations

The concept of relative information functions by means of a functional equation under suitable boundary conditions is introduced and discussed. Further the relative information is defined in terms of these functions and this idea is extended to the new concept of relative information functions of type (α, β) (α, β>0, α≠β) and relative information of type (α,β) which are the generalizations of the earlier ones. Finally the different types of relative informations of type (α, β) are defined for bivariate distributions and the relations between them are established.     

生态园林城市规划理论研究

分析了生态园林城市的概念及提出背景;对园林城市、生态园林城市、生态城市建设理论模式进行了辨析;探讨了生态园林城市规划理念,即整体协调发展理念、综合要素统筹理念、有限目标理念、城市开敞空间管制理念、科学指标体系理念;指出生态园林城市实现生态化的主导途径为城市结构生态化和城市功能生态化;提倡在继承、发展和保护的基础上规划生态园林城市的主体--生态园林绿地系统.     

Comments on Four Papers on Economics and Human Heterogeneity

A bstract .   These comments focus on some issues raised in the papers by Dimand, Peart and Levy, Cot, and Leonard. These papers are fascinating, but not without weaknesses. It is argued that Dimand's presentation of what he calls the "general principle" of classical economics is misconceived. There is a confusion in this paper between the classical view of equal capacity and the much newer concept of equally rational actual performance. Peart and Levy discuss the idea of unequal capacity for pleasure in Edgeworth, but do not draw a link back to the idea in J. S. Mill of different qualities of pleasure. Cot and Leonard provide informative accounts of the American eugenic movement and its links to progressivism, but with an insufficient degree of distinction between the various positions and agendas that were concerned.     

教学理念与教师在教学中的地位和作用之探究

教师是教学活动中的一个重要部分,在教学中起着非常重要的作用。但是,在不同的教学理念下,教师的地位和作用是不同的。本文分析了在我国有深刻影响的基于儒家文化的传统教学理念、凯洛夫的教学理念和基于建构主义的教学理念下教师的地位和作用。本文的研究对于充分发挥教师在提高教学质量、形成适合我国国情的新的教学理念具有一定的理论和实际意义。     

基于客户细分的客户获取与保持的最优化投入模型研究

在传统的市场营销活动中,企业往往没有什么客户细分的观念,对市场"一刀切",造成了不理想的效果。近年来,出现了"一对一"营销的新概念,特别强调对不同的客户采用不同的市场营销手段,但是企业当面对着成千上万甚至千万的客户时,这样操作无疑会使营销成本大幅上升,适当的客户细分对企业才是有实际操作意义的。本文就是在客户细分的基础上,针对细分后的客户群进行客户获取与保持的最优化投入模型的研究。最优化投入模型主要用以辅助企业以最优化的投入来获取最大的客户盈利。     

工商管理情境教育体系的内涵、架构与协同效应

针对情境教学模式在工商管理教育体系中的优势逐渐显现但相关理论基础有待于进一步探索的现状,本文首先探讨了工商管理情境教育体系的内涵和架构;在此基础上分析了各种情境教学模式的教学主体、知识学习过程和对知识认知的特征,剖析了每种模式下知识学习的内在机理;最后通过对不同模式情境构建主体、情境强度、协作交流对象以及团队合作和交流强度特征的分析,提出各模式之间具有协同性,并据此构建了工商管理情境教育协同体系,提出综合使用不同的情境教学模式有助于促进学生的知识学习、强化对知识的理解。     

中国物流企业如何实施客户关系管理

客户关系管理的核心思想是将客户作为企业最重要的资源,通过提高客户满意度来实现企业利润的最大化。作为一种新兴的市场营销管理,客户关系管理是中国物流企业提升竞争实力的必然选择。转型阶段的中国物流企业实施客户关系管理面临许多制约因素,应该在理念、硬件、软件、团队等方面进行相应的变革。     

基于“新都市主义”的混合社区:城市郊区化的一个新思路

在中国诸多大中城市郊区化进程中,一个非常显著的现象是:高档和低档住宅的二元分立,从而破坏了人们居住空间的复合性及和谐性.造成这一现象的根本原因并非人们的"阶层"意识,而是城市郊区化的潜在思路:仅仅关照人们的居住,却没有关照人们的生活,人们的完整生活在郊区化过程中被割裂了.解决这一问题的出路是构建混合式社区,而其理论基础是新都市主义.     

基于闭包系统划分的概念格并行构造算法

随着处理的形式背景的增大，概念格的时空复杂度也会随着急剧增大。研究新的方法和手段来构造概念格，是概念格技术应用于大型复杂数据系统的前提．提高其构造效率的一种有效途径是利用高性能并行计算机和网络并行计算的能力，因此概念格的并行构造算法已成为众多学者的一个新的研究方向。概念格的并行构造思想就是根据不同的原理，采用分治策略，通过对形式背景的拆分，形成分布存储的多个子背景，然后构造相应的子概念格，再由子概念格的合并得到所需的概念格。目前建格算法的分布处理研究主要有形式背景的并置和叠置以及形式背景的折叠搜索子空间划分两种方法，本文在总结研究这两种方法的基础上，基于偏序集上闭包系统分解的思想，对提出的闭包系统划分为多个子闭包系统的判定定理进行了证明．使闭包系统的分解既不会产生冗余信息，也不会使信息丢失，并把所提出的判定定理用于概念格的并行处理．提出了一个新的基于闭包划分的概念格并行生成算法——Para-Prumng算法。通过实验，利用随机生成的数据集同经典NextClosure算法进行比较分析，验证了新算法的正确性和有效性。     

论数学思想方法在高数教学中的应用

随着教育改革的不断深入,数学思想方法在高等数学教学中的应用越来越受到教育工作者的重视。本文阐述了数学思想方法的概念及其在高等数学教学中的重要地位和关键作用,并从目前高等教育的现实出发,提出了在高等数学教学中渗透数学思想方法应注意的问题。     

营销中购物篮理念的技术探索

随着营销创新手段的不断升华与应用,购物篮理念的技术运用成为了一种重要的营销手段,尤其是在通过对顾客、商品、订单等多方面的把握,深入分析购物篮理念的全新应用,将有着重要的实践意义。本文将围绕营销中购物篮理念的整体概念出发,分析数据技术在购物篮技术中的综合应用手段,突出营销中购物篮技术应用的综合手段,更好的实现整体购物品牌与技术的全面提升。     

特定城市汽车尾气PM2．5控制办法研究

特定城市具有特定的地理环境和气候条件，不同城市的道路交通设计和交通管理水平不尽相同，因此不同城市的汽车尾气中PM2．5颗粒物扩散的速度和叠加效应各具特点。文中创新性地从汽车尾气排放PM2．5与气候及车辆行驶速度的关联性角度分析，找出特定城市汽车尾气PM2．5的控制办法，为特定城市找到一条适合自己的汽车尾气PM2．5治理办法提供思路。在解决思路中，文中创新性地提出“车联网”的概念，使城市交通做到双向主动管理。