Innovation and productivity in R&D: associated individual and organizational variables

The relationships of organizational variables with innovation and productivity of scientists and engineers in R&D laboratories were explored. Peer ratings of innovation (original and useful output) and productivity (quantity of output) were utilized as criteria. Information was obtained on 154 scientists/engineers in 35 work groups in three Air Force R&D laboratories, Significant relationships found between organizational variables and innovation and productivity included: rewards for innovation, communication on technical matters with other scientists/engineers within the work group, and an age-education demographic group of variables. Level of participation in goal setting and group leader's level of empathy were also consistently related to level of productivity.     

决策论应用问题研究——计算机辅助绘制效用曲线

本文从应用和可操性着想,首先试图规范现行常用的确定效用曲线的方法,在此基础上,重点介绍了计算机辅助绘制效用曲线的实现过程与技巧,研究了依对风险的态度划分决策者类型等问题。最后,给出计算机辅助绘制效用曲线的操作步骤及应用例。     

用加重方法完全平衡平面机构惯性力的条件

在平面杆机构的设计中 ,惯性力的平衡是经常遇到的问题。本文经推导给出了用加重法完全平衡平面杆机构惯性力的条件     

基于ISM的临港产业集群风险系统分析

在分析临港产业集群面临的基础设施风险、产业关联风险、持续稳定风险、公共管理风险和不可抗力风险、物流项目风险等因素及多重关联影响的基础上,应用解释结构建模方法(ISM)建立了临港产业集群风险系统的结构模型。文章结合宁波临港产业集群的具体实例,并着重探讨了方法的应用和结果的分析。     

Matching and Inverse Propensity Weighting Estimates of the Union Wage Premium: Evidence from Canada, 1997–2014

I estimate the union wage premium for private‐sector workers using Canadian data from Statistics Canada's Labour Force Survey from 1997 to 2014, examining the trend and gender differences in the premium. I obtain my estimates using matching and inverse propensity weighting estimators, which form counterfactuals for union workers. These estimators create better covariate balance and can also be used to address the bias that arises from the log transformation of wages.     

Predicting and controlling flammability of multiple fuel and multiple inert mixtures

Le Chatelier's Rule is in wide use for predicting the flammability of mixtures with multiple fuels present. The rule does not conveniently handle multiple inerts or elevated temperatures and pressures. This paper describes an alternate method, developed at Air Products, called FLAMCHEK^TM, which conveniently handles these variables. This method for predicting flammability is based upon the commonality of the adiabatic flame temperature of a wide variety of fuels at their upper and lower flammable limits. The method, if PC based, can be extended to automatically control the addition of inerts, fuels, or oxidizers in order to avoid flammable conditions. The concept may be extended to more involved applications, such as within an oil well with fuel gas mixtures containing oxygen. In this case, the location from which a gas sample is obtained for analysis (wellhead) may have a different fuel analysis and flammability condition than the location where an explosion is likely to initiate (bottom of well). Hence a correction of the fuels analysis is required.     

The UK Gender Pay Gap 1997–2015: What Is the Role of the Public Sector?

The Labour Force Survey is used to examine the influence of sector on the UK gender pay gap 1997–2015. The assessment is twofold: first comparing gender pay gaps within sectors and second through identifying the contribution of the concentration of women in the public sector to the overall gender pay gap. The long‐term narrowing of the gender pay gap, which predominately reflects relative improvements in women's productivity‐related characteristics, is found to stall in 2010 within each sector. This is considered in the context of claims that public sector austerity represents a critical turning point in progress toward gender equality at work.     

甲酸钠连续脱氢生产草酸钠工艺安全问题的研究

为了生产安全,甲酸钠连续脱氢生产草酸钠工艺多采用惰性气体(如氮气)作为载热体,工艺复杂,生产成本高。理论计算和对资料的分析表明,用空气作载热体,脱氢反应后的混合气体中氢气的体积分数小于0.04的爆炸下限。只要设计合理,测量、控制、操作得当,用空气作载热体不会出现安全问题,可以有效地简化连续脱氢生产工艺,降低生产成本。     

Chemical accident prevention under the clean air act amendments of 1990

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 enacted recently contain provisions for the prevention of chemical accidents under Title III—Hazardous Air Pollutants. Some of these provisions include: a general duty clause, preparation of a list of substances and thresholds, requirements for the preparation of risk management plans by industry, specific accident prevention regulations, establishment of a Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, and requirements for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to promulgate a process safety management standard. These provisions, approaches with respect to process safety management by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and coordination with OSHA will be discussed.     

Age and Work‐Related Health: Insights from the UK Labour Force Survey

Data from the UK Labour Force Survey (LFS) are used to examine two methodological issues in the analysis of the relationship between age and work‐related health. First, the LFS is unusual in that it asks work‐related health questions to those who are not currently employed. This facilitates a more representative analysis than that which is constrained to focus only on those currently in work. Second, information in the LFS facilitates a comparison of work‐related health problems that stem from current employment to a more encompassing measure that includes those related to a former job. We find that accounting for each of these sources of bias increases the age work‐related health risk gradient, and suggest that ignoring such effects will underestimate the work‐related health implications of current policies to extend working lives.     

“薄”战争

"其他的一切都只不过是热空气(Everything else is just hot air)。"很多业内人士看到联想集团为ThinkPad X300笔记本电脑定制的这句广告词都要会心地一笑,如果你知道苹果公司在今年1月推出的新款笔记本电脑叫做MacBook Air的话,就会明白他们为什么笑了。一场明争暗斗已经在联想和苹果这两家顶级笔记本电脑厂商之间展开。今年3月18日,北京嘉里中心饭店,联想发布了ThinkPad X300这款"世界上最轻薄的笔记本电脑"。而在此之前的Mac World大会上,当苹果公司CEO史蒂夫·乔布斯(Steve Jobs)从大信封中抽出薄薄的MacBook Air的时候,他同样宣称这是地球上最为轻薄的笔记本电脑。在中文词义里,"轻薄"也经常用来形容为人不端。不过眼下它可绝对是IT业最热门、最抢手的词汇。ThinkPad X300到底有多薄?联想集团副总裁仪晓辉说出了一个数字——18.6毫米,要知道,一角硬币的直径是19毫米。仪晓辉还带了一支剖掉了一半的铅笔,这就是X300的内置光驱的厚度——7毫米!MacBook Air有多薄?最薄处4毫米,最厚处19.4毫米。已经有人宣称,用Air...     

Union Recognition and Paid Holiday Entitlement

This paper investigates the impact of unions in Britain on employees' entitlements to paid holidays. Theory suggests that longer holidays may be negotiated through collective than through individual bargaining. Data from the UK Quarterly Labour Force Survey are used to estimate the 'gap' between the paid holiday entitlements of workers with and without recognized unions. The results indicate that unions have a substantial impact on paid holiday entitlement. This paper also shows that the European Union Directive on Working Time may affect the holidays of about one and a quarter million workers.     

工程造价管理信息化解决方案

实行工程造价管理的信息化,是进行工程造价管理的有效手段。工程造价管理覆盖建设工程前期决策及实施的各个阶段,目前工程造价管理的软件很多,但在实际应用过程中,这些软件存在着一些共性的缺陷。仅靠单一的工程造价软件是无法进行工程造价管理的。为了解决这一问题,可以从工程造价全过程管理的需求出发,把企业数据库,估算编制、工程量清单编制、电子评标、工程造价指标分析等子系统集成在一个协同平台上,对工程造价信息进行数据处理和交换,集中管理,实现企业工程数据共享。     

基于SARIMA-SVR组合模型的 空气质量指数预测

空气质量指数(AQI)在波动中既具有整体的时间序列线性特征和明显的季节性波动周期,又具有多种因素影响的不确定性,为了提高AQI的预测精度,基于Ri386 3.3.3和Matlab R2014a两种编程软件,提出了一种同时具有线性和非线性的复合特征的时间序列预测模型——SARIMA-SVR组合模型。以太原市2014年1月—2019年7月的AQI月均值数据为基础,利用SARIMA时间序列模型进行线性预测,利用SVR模型对残差进行非线性预测,加和得到组合预测模型的预测结果,分析比较SARIMA,SVR和SARIMA-SVR这3种模型的预测结果和平均绝对百分比误差。结果表明,组合预测模型发挥了2种模型各自的优势,相较于单一预测模型的预测结果而言,其预测精度更高,稳定性更好。通过此模型得到的空气质量预测结果不仅可为人们的日常生活提供指导,而且可为大气污染的防治工作提供科学依据和借鉴意义。     

平衡剃齿刀的计算机辅助设计

平衡剃齿刀是近十几年来发展起来的加工齿轮的高生产率的先进刀具。平衡剃齿刀根据加工具体情况设计和制造。我们采用了计算机辅助设计平衡剃齿刀,它不仅可以提高工作效率,而且可使平衡剃齿刀的参数得到优化。     

《钻井用空气泡沫工艺技术规程》标准实施效果分析

针对气体钻井空气泡沫技术现场应用的需要,结合标准编写的规范要求,阐述了中原油田企业标准《钻井用空气泡沫工艺技术规程》关键的编写思路,并根据标准指导现场施工,取得了良好的实施效果。     

Virtual display design and evaluation of clothing: a design process support system

This paper proposes a new computer-aided educational system for clothing visual merchandising and display. It aims to provide an operating environment that supports the various stages of display design in a user-friendly and intuitive manner. First, this paper provides a brief introduction to current software applications in the field of computer-aided clothing display design. Second, it describes the structure of the process-based clothing display design system (PCDDS) as well as the function and workflow of display design. Finally, a user evaluation was conducted using quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods. The quantitative evaluation was conducted using the responses to a questionnaire on system usability from six instructors and application tests on PCDDS. The qualitative evaluation was conducted by interviewing six instructors and through the students’ experience reports. Evaluation results showed that most of the instructors agreed that the five modules (i.e., storyboard module, model database module, display design module, scene screenshot and animation module, and evaluation module) could help students and instructors to complete the entire display design process from the conceptualization to the evaluation of specific design solutions and to improve teaching quality. Results from the students’ report indicated that the employment of PCDDS in training could give them a better understanding of clothing visual merchandising and display.     

Regulation and Contract Design: The Impact of Relationship Specific Investment

A primary explanation for variation in contract structure is the extent to which contracting parties make investments specific to their transaction. Investment decisions are typically endogenous in contract choice, however, frustrating attempts at causal verification. I analyze the impact of a major environmental regulation, the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, on coal procurement strategies of U.S. utilities. I exploit a key feature of the Amendment's design to define a difference‐in‐difference model that is arguably less susceptible to endogeneity concerns. I find wide support for the theoretical prediction: reduced specificity leads to shorter length, fixed price contracts.     

Price dispersion in a market with advance-purchases

This paper examines price discrimination in a market where consumers learn their preferences over time. The products are perfect substitutesex ante, but there is horizontal differentiationex post. Air travel provides one example of such a market. In equilibrium, there is more price discrimination under duopoly than under monopoly, which is consistent with recent empirical evidence from the U.S. airline industry.I am grateful to Tom Holmes for many discussions on related topics.