城镇化的“土改”路径——以成都统筹城乡改革实践为例

中国城乡土地的"二元性"和农村集体土地产权的"分设性"妨碍了城乡土地、劳动和资本的有效配置,因而也妨碍了中国的城镇化进程.作为重要的生产资料,农村土地配置仍然要回归市场渠道,这是市场经济的基本要求.成都统筹城乡改革实践表明,在国家现有土地制度框架下,在"确权"基础上,通过适时、有针对性地政策调整与改革,农用地、农地转用以及农地经营权的让渡都可逐步采取市场定价途径实现土地资源的有效配置.     

The right to the city

The right to the city is not merely a right of access to what already exists, but a right to change it. We need to be sure we can live with our own creations. But the right to remake ourselves by creating a qualitatively different kind of urban sociality is one of the most precious of all human rights. We have been made and re‐made without knowing exactly why, how, and to what end. How then, can we better exercise this right to the city? But whose rights and whose city? Could we not construct a socially just city? But what is social justice? Is justice simply whatever the ruling class wants it to be? We live in a society in which the inalienable rights to private property and the profit rate trump any other conception of inalienable rights. Our society is dominated by the accumulation of capital through market exchange. To live under capitalism is to accept or submit to that bundle of rights necessary for endless capital accumulation. Free markets are not necessarily fair. Worse still, markets require scarcity to function. The inalienable rights of private property and the profit rate lead to worlds of inequality, alienation and injustice. The endless accumulation of capital and the conception of rights embedded threin must be opposed and a different right to the city must be asserted politically. Derivative rights (like the right to be treated with dignity) should become fundamental and fundamental rights (of private property and the profit rate) should become derivative. But new rights can also be defined: like the right to the city which is not merely a right of access to what the property speculators and state planners define, but an active right to make the city different, to shape it more in accord with our heart's desire, and to re‐make ourselves thereby in a different image.     

房地产市场中的政府行为外部效应解析

1988年建立的土地有偿使用制度,实现了我国土地产权的市场化,对培育土地市场和促进经济发展发挥了重要作用,但土地产权的界定不够明晰,缺少外部效应内部化的政策机制,引发土地市场的一系列问题.借助新制度经济学的分析框架,从土地产权的角度分析了政府行为对土地市场的影响,并运用特征价格法,对广州市地铁二号线和内环路建设的实例,分析评价了政府行为对土地价值的影响.最后从完善土地产权的角度探讨了政府在土地市场中的角色和作用,指出由于缺乏对政府行为引起的"得益"和"受损"的应对机制,导致政府利益受损和土地市场的不公平与不确定性,需从土地产权角度出发,完善相关政策.     

Two Models of Ownership: How Commons Has Co‐Existed with Private Property

This article challenges the claim by many historians that the rise of capitalism requires the destruction of common property systems. In contrast to the English case in which commons were enclosed, French peasants used their common property system to regulate the market, provide a rural safety net and a democratic check on elites, while urban industry developed. European battles over common property replayed in surprising ways in colonial African countries such as Sierra Leone, and echoes reemerge today. The West African country of Guinea tests two possible paths to development of a market society: the English path and the French path. Interviews with key government officials collected in 1993 help explain why Guinea, despite adopting a land law in 1992 inspired by the English path, has so far failed to widely apply the law and, in fact, is following the French path. The United States pursued a policy of replacing American Indian common property systems with exclusive individual property rights. Nonetheless, Indian common property survives in the form of recent recognition of Indian off‐reservation hunting and fishing rights. The Menominee reservation successfully resisted the destruction of its common property system and today participates in the market in a manner that preserves reservation ecology, democratic government, and Menominee cultural identity. Rethinking the meaning of French, African, and U.S. accommodation to common property systems offers important lessons for contemporary development policies in Africa and around the world.     

农村集体土地制度改革与土地征收补偿

党的十八届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》为我国农村集体土地制度的改革指明了方向。我国农村集体土地制度改革有利于建立城乡统一的建设用地市场、健全城乡发展一体化体制和赋予农民更多财产权利,也有利于预防土地腐败,促进社会和谐。在具体政策实施过程中,要做好农村集体土地的确权工作,规范农村集体土地流转,实行城乡土地同价同权,逐步建立城乡统一的土地市场,并要有效地解决征收制度对农村土地市场秩序的威胁,进一步完善土地补偿保障机制。     

克服我国房地产业的市场失灵和调控失灵

基于我国城镇土地国有的基本国情,本文从马克思政治经济学视角,围绕目前我国房价过高的问题进行了讨论。依据马克思、恩格斯关于地租的本质、地价对房价重大影响、土地不是普通商品、实行土地国有制等论述及所进行的讨论,本文提出应加强对国有土地公共性质的认识,改变用过度市场化的方法去配置国有土地资源,保护公民的基本土地使用权,完善我国普遍住房保障以及进一步强化发展为人民的执政理念等建议。     

改革开放以来农村土地制度的变迁、问题与对策

目前,我国正处于体制改革的关键时期,我国的农地制度虽然经过六十年的巨大变迁,但仍然存在着严峻的问题,特别是土地产权主体模糊不清、土地流转制度不健全。解决我国农地制度拟采取明晰土地产权主体、建立土地承包经营流转机制,培养农村土地市场、制定相关政策和法律,规范、引导农村土地使用权流转行为等对策。     

浅析地理标志的法律保护

地理标志是知识产权的一项重要内容,它标志着产品的特定信誉和质量,有着巨大的经济和文化价值。我国地理标志资源丰富,加强对地理标志的保护将有利于我国开拓国际市场,改善出口商品竞争环境。但我国目前对地理标志的法律保护还不完善,在实践和立法上尚存在许多问题,所以应该根据我国的具体实际情况,借鉴TRIPS协议和国外的立法经验,建立符合我国国情的地理标志保护框架。     

集体建设用地入市与土地储备制度变革探讨

十八届三中全会明确提出建立城乡统一的建设用地市场,集体经营性建设用地“同等入市、同权同价”,其将对土地制度、土地市场以及土地储备制度变革产生深远影响。本文结合我国土地储备制度运行的绩效与困境,分析了集体建设用地入市对我国土地储备制度的影响,并探讨了我国土地储备制度的变革方向。     

新型城镇化下住房市场的发展

新型城镇化背景下,随着城镇建设的大力推进和城镇人口的进一步增长,我国住房市场的发展稳定仍具有可持续的发展空间。从2013-2022年住房市场发展的预测分析看,今后住房市场在数量上保持规模发展的同时,重点在于质的发展。在宏观调控和新型城镇化发展目标指引下,房地产业必须进一步优化住宅供应结构,科学合理地制定新城开发规划,提高土地利用效率,稳步实现房地产业的转型发展,打造中国住房市场发展的“升级版”。     

The State as Both Regulator and Player: The Politics of Transfer of Development Rights in China

The conventional argument that the introduction of transfer of development rights (TDR) shifts the power of land use regulation from the state to the market is increasingly under challenge. In China, the state's grip on land is reinforced through TDR, in which the state is both regulator and player. This state-dominated form of TDR affects China in three ways. First, competing aspirations of different scales of government complicate how TDR is implemented. Although the central state promotes TDR to maintain a national balance of arable land, some local states instrumentalize it to expand their landed basis of accumulation. Secondly, TDR tends to benefit the state but not its people. It may increase the fiscal income of the sending government and lessen the land shortage of the receiving government, but sometimes at the expense of the interests of land users without land ownership. Thirdly, given the state's deep involvement in TDR programs, the key for China's TDR to protect arable land lies not so much in clear property rights or a fully fledged market as in effective checks and balances regarding the state's powers over TDR. These three observations attest to the embeddedness of TDR in the local political economy.     

Alternative Policies for Preserving Farm and Open Areas: Analysis and Evaluation of Available Options

A bstract . Rapid urban growth disrupts land use patterns on the urban-rural fringe , increasing development pressure on nearby farm and open lands. Many public agencies have attempted to moderate these development pressures through intervention in the local land market in order to preserve remaining open areas. There are essentially five ways that governmental units can act to preserve farm and open lands: public purchase of these lands; restrictive zoning laws ; public purchase of the development rights to open lands; programs of transferable development rights, and preferential assessment property tax programs. Each of these methods imposes burdens on different groups and creates winners and losers among property owners, taypayers and others. This paper analyzes the economic impacts of these open space preservation programs and evaluates their effectiveness in achieving their goals. None of the programs evaluated is judged to be perfect in preserving open space, but the public purchase of development rights is seen to be an equitable second-best solution.     

试论产权交易市场功能与业务创新

产权交易市场是我国近年来兴起的一种新型资本市场,其诞生与发展与国有企业体制改革、国有资本退出工作密切相关。本文回顾了我国产权交易市场的兴起与发展历程,综合各级、各地法规与规章的表述,对产权交易市场的性质进行了明确的界定。在此基础上,论述了产权交易市场的一般功能和特殊功能,并以此为出发点,从非上市公司的股权、地方排污权、金融类产权、农村综合产权和文化产权的交易等方面,就产权交易市场的业务创新渠道进行了探索和阐述。     

频繁调控与失效中的旧城土地制度反思

旧城更新中,政府对土地进行了频繁的调控,与此同时地价、房价持续飙升,呈现调控与失效相伴的局面.基于此,论文从城市土地产权制度的变迁历程、政府干预下的土地交易市场、城市土地产权制度及其制度变迁路径依赖与体制锁定等视角进行了反思,认为问题滋生的原因是多方面的,其中土地产权制度的变迁是滋生问题的历史根源,它模糊了权属关系,积聚了历史病疾,而计划与市场的交织演绎出了双轨配置制度下的土地交易困境.地方政府的绝对垄断扭曲了土地竞争市场,而其根源在于:城市土地产权制度本身的残缺,即旧城土地资源的法律产权和事实上的产权的不一致,导致了市场交易主体对交易客体的权责不统一,而政府调控所制定的一系列的"制度",因其制度本身的利益短视与部门本位,削弱了作为"制度束"的调控威力,加剧了调控"组合拳"的失效.因此,解决问题的关键在于城市土地制度的创新,即基于明晰旧城土地产权关系的前提下,政府退出非公共利益的土地交易市场,实现政府角色的转换──"划桨"与"掌舵"的分离,以此确保旧城更新中房地产的健康发展.     

中国大城市发展和都市区的形成

改革开放以来,我国大城市发展迅速,出现了都市区这种新的城市空间形态.都市区将成为新世纪我国经济和城市化发展的重要地域空间形式,同时也对传统的城市发展战略、城市规划和管理提出了新的要求和挑战.分析了中国大城市的发展趋势和空间演变特征,阐述了中国都市区现象的出现及其发展前景,并对中国都市区的概念、界定标准以及都市区规划等问题进行了探讨.     

土地价值与城市增长

文章介绍了城市经济动态模型。通过利用在经济学中广泛的效用函数及对效用函数的优化 ,得出城市土地地租有三部份构成 :农业土地地租 ;土地发展成本的租金 ;和区位或可达性所带来的级差地租 ,并进一步推出城市土地价值有四部分构成 :(1)农业土地价值 ;(2 )土地发展成本 ;(3)可达性的经济价值 ;(4)可预见的未来土地地租增值所带来的价值。相对应 ,城市边缘非城市土地价值有两部分组成 :一是与农业土地地租有关的土地价值 ,另一个是可预见的土地转变成城市用地后未来土地地租增值所带来的价值。城市经济动态理论及其结论丰富和发展了土地地租和土地价值理论 ,加深了对土地价值形成和发展的理解 ,有利于相关法规和政策的制定 ,以此提高城市土地利用效益和推动城市发展。最后 ,结合中国国情 ,文章分析了城市政策及土地政策对城市化的社会经济影响。     

Transferable development rights markets

Several legislative proposals utilizing the concept of transferable development rights have been advanced in recent years. A chief claim made by their proponents is that the concept enables the same kind of constructive land market intervention as direct land-use controls but without an inequitable distribution of development gains. The validity of this claim is established for certain circumstances in this paper and two specific cases where the concept may be useful are described.     

土地发展权跨区域流转的现实与前景——一个分析框架

土地发展权虽未作为一项正式的制度设置,但事实上作为地方政府进行"制度创新"的重要工具,为经济增长和城市化扩张做出了实质性贡献。同时,这种颇具中国特色的土地发展权流转机制具有渐进性特征,正深刻影响中国土地产权制度改革进程。本文在总结我国土地发展权跨区域流转的理论、制度和实践基础上,对土地发展权跨区域流转的前景进行了一个框架性的拓展分析。研究发现,因城乡二元土地制度的异质性,土地发展权跨区域流转将存在迥异的发生机制。国有土地发展权可围绕"建设用地节余指标"这一具象载体进行跨区域流转,农村土地发展权则可围绕特定的"发展权标准单位"这一虚拟载体进行跨区域流转。在此基础上,本文从改革方案、机制设计、交易市场等方面提出了建议。     

Private Property in the Context of Community

The dominant philosophy of private land ownership—that private property exists for the benefit of its owner and that use and ownership should be determined by market forces—is not the only philosophy in the American tradition. Classical republicanism's proprietarian perspective was equally in favor of private property, but held that private property exists for the benefit of society. This article begins by presenting the proprietarian view of private property rights, drawing on the legal scholarship where this perspective has been revived. Next, I use the case of contemporary land reform in Scotland to exemplify the rationale for this perspective. Lastly, I attempt to import the lessons of Scottish land reformers without importing their model, instead considering ways in which private land ownership might be embedded in non‐market institutions in the United States.     

A Property Rights Paradox: George and Rothbard on the Conservation of Environmental Resources

A bstract . Murray N. Rothbard is recognized as one of the most articulate modern critics of Henry George's land value tax. A leading libertarian thinker, Rothbard condemns George's recommendation that government act to affect private transactions in land, arguing that such interventions infringe on previously defined private property rights. However, Rothbard's social system has no explicit mechanism for accommodating the emergence of tradeable property rights to newly recognized environmental resources. In effect, Rothbard calls for controls on such resources—no trading. Henry George, on the other hand, provides for the evolution of new property rights and their emergence into private markets. The paradox here is that George's solution to the property rights question might accommodate the social yearnings of one of his most severe critics, Murray N. Rothbard.