金融新作拾零

《金融结构视角下的金融稳定研究》张润林著金融结构的改变通过对金融机构、金融市场运作效率、货币政策工具和货币政策传导机制及金融监管等方面的作用,影响金融稳定。金融结构与金融稳定具有密切关系,     

中央银行货币政策工具变化评析

近年来,在全球经济一体化进程快速发展的背景下,以美国为代表的发达国家受次级抵押贷款危机影响,金融机构面临短期流动性不足的问题;以中国、韩国和印度为代表的新兴市场国家则出现流动性过剩的状况。为应对经济金融领域不断出现的新情况、新问题,保持中央银行货币政策的主动性和有效性,发达国家在充分运用传统货币政策工具的同时,适时引入了新的投放流动性的工具;新兴市场国家则不断拓展收回流动性的工具组合。本文简要分析了近来各国央行调整货币政策工具的背景情况,全面总结了发达国家及新兴市场国家货币政策工具变化的基本特点,并提出了央行货币政策工具调整中值得关注的问题。     

欧元区货币政策工具的现实运用

欧元区货币政策工具包括公开市场操作、定期融资工具和最低存款准备金系统,其中公开市场操作是欧央行最重要的货币政策工具,本文主要介绍了这三种货币政策工具及其具体操作方式。     

银行业金融产品创新对货币信贷政策运行的影响

近年来,各金融机构积极创新金融产品,不但壮大发展了业务,增加金融机构的收入,也活跃了金融市场,方便了投资者。但是金融产品创新使货币政策传导的有效性下降,减弱了央行对货币供应总量的可测性和货币政策工具的效力,增加了央行宏观调控难度,对此要引起高度重视。     

消除我国金融市场分割约束 努力提高货币政策有效性

我国的金融市场分割极大地降低了市场的有效性,使市场的信号功能难以发挥,对公开市场业务等间接性货币政策工具的操作及货币政策传导机制形成约束,从而影响货币政策目标的实现。因此,我国应在提高金融监管水平的前提下,逐步推进国内金融市场的一体化,为货币政策的操作提供完整的平台,保障货币政策的有效性。     

关于货币政策传导机制现状的思考

我国货币政策传导机制受到货币市场不健全、利率机制作用有限、金融机构改革不到位等问题的困扰，影响了货币政策的传导效果，造成货币政策在执行过程中受阻和扭曲，也影响了国民经济的宏观调控效果。要消除货币政策传导障碍，必须完善货币政策制度设计，完善金融市场，逐步实现利率市场化，改革利率存贷款计息方式，协调商业银行与各类利率之间的关系，以提高货币政策传导机制的有效性。     

剖析我国货币政策的传导机制

一、我国货币政策的传导机制货币政策传导机制是指中央银行运用各种货币政策工具,直接或间接调节各金融机构的准备金和金融市场的融资条件,进而控制全社会的货币供应量及信用总量,使企业和居民不断调整自己的经济行为,达到国民经济新的均衡的过程。简言之,即央行货币政策工具实施到货币政策最终目标实现的一个中间途径。改革开放前,在计划经济体制下,我国货币政策传导从人民银行——人民银行分支机构——企业,基本没有商业银行、金融市场,传导过程简单直接;改革开放后的八十年代,随着中央银行制度的建立和金融机构的发展,货币政策形成从中央…     

金融危机中美联储的货币政策工具创新及启示

2007年8月美国次贷危机爆发以来,美联储针对金融动荡、信贷收缩和经济减速在常规货币政策的基础上采用了一系列诸如TAF、PDCF、TSLF、AMLF等货币政策工具创新,向金融市场注入流动性。这些货币政策工具的创新和应用对提供额外流动性,稳定市场信心,改善金融市场功能起到了一定的作用,也给其他国家中央银行实施货币政策、进行货币政策工具创新提供了借鉴。     

非常规货币政策的理论与实践

<正>近年来,为应对全球金融危机和欧洲主权债务危机对本国金融机构和金融市场的冲击,提振市场信心,恢复市场功能,美联储、英格兰银行、欧洲中央银行和日本银行等主要经济体中央银行先后推出了一系列非常规货币政策。这些政策措施与以往的常规利率政策迥异,通过加强金融机构信贷支持、直接购买金融债券和国债等改变央行资产负债表总量或结构的方式,为市场注入流动性。从实践来看,2007年-2008年金融危机以及2010年以来的欧债危机期间,非常规货币政策措施取得了成效,通过缓解金融市场和金融机构流动性紧张,恢复金融市场融资功能,为消除危机和支持经济复苏提供了支持。     

对提高货币政策传导效率的思考

目前，我国货币政策已基本实现由直接调控向间接调控的转变，货币政策对经济增长的间接作用过程为：中央银行→货币政策工具→金融机构（金融市场）→企业和居民→国民收入。在这个传导体系中，受资产规模、市场份额等因素的影响，以四大国有商业银行为代表的银行体系仍然是我国货币政策传导的主渠道。     

The evolution of the Federal Reserve’s Term Auction Facility and FDIC-insured bank utilization

The Term Auction Facility (TAF) was designed by the Federal Reserve during the financial crisis to inject emergency short-term funds into banks, as a supplement to the lender of last resort discount window offerings. We describe how the Federal Reserve altered the design of the Term Auction Facility (TAF) over the course of the financial crisis and examine the utilization of this stand-alone facility. Most specifically we detail the impact of the greatly increased offering amounts in all auctions after October 2008, which resulted in the facility no longer auctioning scarcely available funds. We also document significantly different usage of the facility by FDIC-insured community and non-community banks, consistent with the notion of a two-tiered banking system in the U.S. Community banks were far less likely to use the facility than larger, non-community banks.     

Federal Reserve financial crisis lending programs and bank stock returns

We use an E-GARCH model to estimate the wealth effects of Federal Reserve lending during the financial crisis to Investment banks (I-Banks), “Too Big to Fail” (TBTF) banks, and “traditional” commercial banks. Borrowing from the Term Auction Facility program has negative wealth effects for all banks and I-banks in particular. We also find that the market view of the liquidity programs changed across the sample sub-periods. I-Bank and TBTF bank borrowing from the discount window is initially viewed positively, however continued use of the discount window and the Term Auction Facility was generally (though not universally) viewed negatively. Commercial Paper Funding Facility program participation is consistently positive only for traditional banks and programs that focus on the purchase of specific securities (e.g., commercial paper) to address specific problems also appear to primarily benefit traditional banks. The inconsistency of results across the time periods of the crisis is telling as market participants struggled to discern what access to these programs meant.     

The effect of the term auction facility on the London interbank offered rate

The Term Auction Facility (TAF), the first auction-based liquidity initiative by the Federal Reserve during the global financial crisis, was aimed at improving conditions in the dollar money market and bringing down the significantly elevated London interbank offered rate (Libor). The effectiveness of this innovative policy tool is crucial for understanding the role of the central bank in financial stability, but academic studies disagree on the empirical evidence of the TAF effect on Libor. We show that the disagreement arises from mis-specifications of econometric models. Regressions using the daily level of the Libor-OIS spread as the dependent variable miss either the permanent or temporary TAF effect, depending on whether the dummy variable indicates the events of the TAF or the regimes before and after an TAF event. Those regressions also suffer from the unit-root problem and produce unreliable test statistics. By contrast, regressions using the daily change in the Libor-OIS spread are robust to the persistence of the TAF effect and the unit-root problem, consistently producing reliable evidence that the downward shifts of the Libor-OIS spread were associated with the TAF. The evidence indicates the efficacy of the TAF in helping the interbank market to relieve liquidity strains.     

The effects of government capital and liquidity support programs on bank lending: Evidence from the syndicated corporate credit market

This study jointly evaluates the effects of the U.S. Treasury's Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), the Federal Reserve's Discount Window (DW), and Term Auction Facility (TAF) on bank syndicated lending during the 2007–2009 financial crisis, using a unique data set that tracks the exposure of each lender in each syndicated credit facility in each year. By comparing lending changes within a group of banks that lend to the same facility of the same firm in the same year, it eliminates the impacts of demand-side factors that often bias the results of empirical studies on bank credit supply. Overall, I find that TARP, DW, and TAF played only a marginal role in increasing bank syndicated lending. By examining lending changes at the facility-lender and firm-lender levels, this study is less prone to the reverse causality problem that is inherent in studies using bank-level data. Therefore, this study complements studies using bank-level data and provides policymakers with a balanced view on the effects of these programs.     

Bank loan supply responses to Federal Reserve emergency liquidity facilities

The Federal Reserve injected unprecedented liquidity into banks during the recent crisis through the discount window and Term Auction Facility. We examine the use and effectiveness of these facilities. We find that recipient banks increased their lending overall, both short- and long-term, and in most loan categories. The facilities resulted in enhanced lending at expanding banks and reduced declines at contracting banks. Small banks increased small business lending and large banks increased large business lending. There were no significant changes in loan quality or loan contract terms by either large or small banks.     

美联储应对金融危机的货币政策:效果、特点与问题

2007年以来,美联储为了应对金融危机,实施了扩张性货币政策,并根据市场需要,创设了一系列非常规货币政策工具.在货币政策的调控下,市场信心得以恢复,金融机构倒闭现象得到遏制,并阻止了经济深度衰退.但极度扩张的货币政策也带来了后续的通货膨胀、债务风险等问题,需要采取有效措施加以解决.     

Securitization markets and central banking: An evaluation of the term asset-backed securities loan facility

In response to the near collapse of US securitization markets in 2008, the Federal Reserve created the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility, which offered non-recourse loans to finance investors’ purchases of certain highly rated asset-backed securities. We study the effects of this program and find that it lowered interest rate spreads for some categories of asset-backed securities but had little impact on the pricing of individual securities. These findings suggest that the program improved conditions in securitization markets but did not subsidize individual securities. We also find that the risk of loss to the US government was small.     

The Effects of Liquidity Regulation on Bank Demand in Monetary Policy Operations

We estimate the effects of the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR), a liquidity requirement for banks, on the tenders that banks submit in Term Deposit Facility operations, a Federal Reserve tool created to manage the quantity of central bank reserves. We identify these effects using variation in LCR requirements across banks and a change over time that allowed term deposits to count toward the LCR. Banks subject to the LCR submit tenders more often and submit larger tenders than exempt banks when term deposits qualify for the LCR. These results suggest that liquidity regulation affects bank demand in monetary policy operations.     

Dealer financial conditions and lender-of-last-resort facilities

We examine the financial conditions of dealers that participated in two of the Federal Reserve's lender-of-last-resort (LOLR) facilities—the Term Securities Lending Facility (TSLF) and the Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF)—that provided liquidity against a range of assets during 2008–2009. Dealers with lower equity returns and greater leverage prior to borrowing from the facilities were more likely to participate in the programs, borrow more, and, in the case of the TSLF, at higher bidding rates. Dealers with less liquid collateral on their balance sheets before the facilities were introduced also tended to borrow more. The results suggest that both financial performance and balance sheet liquidity play a role in LOLR utilization.     

THE RELATION BETWEEN THE FEDERAL FUNDS CASH AND FUTURES MARKETS

The introduction of futures contracts did not alter the regularity in the cash market that results from the Federal Reserve regulation of the bank-settlement process. Although we find a positive preholiday effect in the Fed funds futures returns, we do not find evidence that Federal Reserve regulations cause that effect. Contrary to previous observations for other futures contracts, we find Fridays and preholidays have the largest net volume. We suggest this finding of high volume is consistent with hedging activity by financial institutions before market closings.