集聚类型与中国出口产品演化——基于产品技术复杂度的研究

提高出口产品技术含量是现阶段增加国家出口产品竞争力和增长动力的重要课题.本文利用2000—2011年HS4分位数中国海关进出口统计数据,通过构建不同类型的集聚经济与产品技术复杂度指标,从技术复杂度出发,研究不同类型集聚经济影响中国出口产品演化的微观机制与作用途径.本文研究发现,不同类型的集聚经济所带来的外部性改善了城市出口产品结构,显著提高了高技术复杂度产品进入的概率,降低了高技术复杂度产品退出的风险,促进了中国出口产品结构的升级.具体来说,多样化不仅有利于提高高技术复杂度产品进入的概率,同时也显著降低了高技术复杂度产品退出的风险,而专业化增加了高技术复杂度产品退出的风险.进一步地,不同类型集聚经济的影响也存在显著的区域差异.本文的研究表明,在出口转型的关键时期,通过提升城市产业集聚水平,尤其是多样化集聚水平来助推我国出口升级,对于我国经济结构转型升级具有极大的现实意义.     

产品内分工框架下的产业升级的文献综述

产品内分工框架下的产业升级主要体现在产业在全球价值链上,由低附加值向高附加值状态演变的过程。从产品内分工的产业组织形式,产品内分工与全球价值链之间的关系,全球价值链与产业升级,产品内分工框架下的产业升级等方面对国内外相关文献进行总结综述。     

中国企业出口产品转换与升级研究——基于产品空间视角的分析

随着国际贸易保护主义愈演愈烈,我国出口产品竞争力的提高有着前所未有的迫切性。本文旨在对企业出口产品转换行为及其背后竞争力的变化进行研究,将异质性企业理论与产品空间理论相结合,构建企业层面的平均产品密度指标,从产品要素禀赋视角揭示企业进行产品转换的内在机制,并进一步分析这种出口产品转换行为是否会促进企业出口产品的转型升级。研究表明:企业出口产品的既有要素禀赋和在产品空间的位置决定了企业的出口产品转换行为;企业出口产品在产品空间中的平均产品密度通过对产品转换行为的促进作用显著提升了企业的出口技术复杂度,带动了企业出口产品的升级。     

金融发展与出口复杂度提升——基于作用路径的实证

文章将复杂产品定义为由多种异质性中间投入品加工而成的产品,中间产品的异质性越强,最终产品的技术复杂度越高。基于该定义,研究发现金融发展主要通过人力资本积累、研发效率提升和FDI技术溢出吸收能力提升等三条路径,作用于中间产品异质性进而一国出口复杂度提升。文章同时采用跨国数据对金融发展作用于出口复杂度提升的三条路径分别进行了经验验证,实证结果肯定了我们的理论预期,且该结论对于不同的金融发展指标具有稳健性。     

山姆·宏邦：安利纽崔莱从哲学的高度研发产品

产品是所有营销活动的起点,也是所有营销活动的终点。相关研究表明,产品力越弱,其品牌的溢价能力越低,其品牌被别的品牌取代的可能性越高,反之,品牌被其他品牌取代的可能性越低。     

跨国公司产品内分工与我国产业升级关系研究

随着跨国公司全球化战略的发展,产品内分工已经成为全球的一个理论研究热点,其与产业升级关系也颇为重要。本文归纳了国内外对跨国公司产品内分工与产业升级的研究概况,选取了不同的指标对我国的参与产品内分工的情况与产业升级的进行了实证研究,显示积极参与跨国公司产品内分工促进了我国的产业升级,并提出了三个建议。     

产品内贸易与中国产业结构升级的关系分析

随着国际分工由产业内分工向产品内分工深化拓展,产品内贸易将成为国际贸易的主流模式。在介绍我国产品内贸易发展现状的基础上,利用计量经济学模型,分析产品内贸易与中国产业结构升级之间的关系,结果表明,随着产品内贸易的发展我国产业结构呈现优化升级的趋势;产品内贸易对资本技术密集型行业的发展具有一定的推动作用,但并不十分显著,提出充分利用进口的技术外溢效应促进产业发展,优化产业技术结构,培育产业集群,打造产业升级平台等促进我国产业结构优化升级的对策建议。     

绿色技术创新能否推动中国制造业GVC攀升?——基于WIOD数据的实证检验

本文基于2000～2014年WIOD世界投入产出数据,测算全球43个经济体制造业行业的上游度、技术复杂度等指标,重新界定制造业行业升级方向,并以中国为研究对象实证检验绿色技术创新对制造业全球价值链升级的影响.研究结果表明,相较于发达国家,中国制造业处于全球价值链的上游位置,但分工地位较低、控制能力较弱;绿色技术创新与制造业全球价值链升级呈U型关系,即绿色技术创新跨越一定门槛才可推动制造业全球价值链升级;从绿色技术创新和全球价值链升级的行业异质性检验来看,上游主导型行业的二者呈显著的U型关系,下游主导型行业的二者呈显著的负相关关系,而混合主导型行业的二者呈正相关关系、但不显著.传导机制的检验结果表明,绿色技术创新可通过降低嵌入性依赖、改善出口贸易及降低污染成本来推动制造业全球价值链升级.     

基于可替代产品的收益共享扩展模型

基于单产品下的收益共享模型,假设同时存在供应和需求的不确定,分别建立了基于两种可替代产品下的非合作基本模型和收益共享扩展模型。通过相互比较分析可以看到:在该供应链中,上下游企业的非合作无法达到供应链的协调,且销售商同时选择与两个供应商合作时,收益共享扩展模型也无法协调;当销售商选择与其中一个供应商合作时,收益共享模型可以协调合作双方,同时得到了具体的收益共享策略,且其他参数不变,合作供应商提供的批发价格越高时,销售商给予合作的供应商的共享比例就也越低。     

产品内分工视角下的产业升级——基于中国玩具出口的经验研究

经济全球化背景下的产品内分工以及由此形成的国际贸易模式能够实现全球的资源优化配置,从而有助于世界福利水平的提高。但对于不同的国家而言,由于分工中嵌入的价值链的位置不同,其收益情况也不一样。同时,这样的分工模式会形成并加大不同参与国的技术差距,进一步固化本土产业结构的升级。本文借鉴内生经济增长模型并结合“蛙跳”理论,分析了产品内分工框架下的代工模式所造成的中国产业升级困境,研究表明产品内分工模式下中国产业升级面临两难选择,自主技术创新可以突破困境,实现产业升级。     

An Update on Product Recalls

Abstract

A firm producing consumer products cannot shield itself from product recalls 100% of the time. However, actions can be undertaken to decrease the likelihood of having to recall a product. Once a recall is inevitable, and the process begins, the firm can make the recall process a much smoother one than it would be for an unprepared firm. After the recall is complete, the firm will still have a great deal of work to do to bring it to the best possible conclusion. Regardless of the severity of the recall, there will almost always be opportunities for the firm to improve its processes and to gain the confidence of consumers.     

The Effect of Product Sampling on Product Trial,Purchase and Conversion

Although several claims have been made about the effectiveness of product sampling as a sales promotion technique, there is relatively little published research in support of these claims. A study of 433 New Zealand household grocery shoppers examined the sampling of three newly-launched brands of toothpaste, shampoo, and dishwashing liquid. The rates of sample trial measured were considerably higher than those commonly reported in the literature, but purchase and conversion rates were somewhat lower. There was little evidence that product sampling had any influence on conversion to the sampled brands, except when recipients actually used the samples or subsequently purchased the sampled brands as a result of trial. Overall, the samples were not accurately distributed to the brands' most likely prospects, although selective distribution was found to be a worthwhile objective because members of each target market tended to respond well to sampling.     

Analysis on China''s Motorcycle Product Export

From 1958 till now, from copying the Soviet BMW-originated 750cc horizontal-opposed engine to becoming the biggest motorcycle manufacturing and exporting country,China's motorcycle industry had gonethrough a prosperous course of 48 years.     

When Product Placement Is NOT Product Placement

Abstract

The development of product placement in films and television shows can be readily observed by anyone who has devoted a significant part of their lives going to the movies. The first product placements were generic and fictitious and were hardly noticed by the movie-going public. But, as the placement of real products became more prevalent, it became apparent to the serious film buff that the presence of a fictitious or clearly disguised product became more of a distraction than the use of actual products. The attempt to make serious realistic films is sometimes sidetracked by a clearly fake product that strikes at the suspension of disbelief of movie goers, particularly when they have some familiarity with the product NOT being placed.     

浅析产品缺陷——兼与产品瑕疵比较

产品缺陷是《产品质量法》中一个重要的法律概念,其实质是产品缺乏合理的安全性。其引起的损害赔偿责任为民事侵权责任,以对产品之外的人身或财产有损害为构成要件。承担责任的方式为民事赔偿,主体是生产者,销售者只有在有过错的情况下才承担责任。产品缺陷与产品瑕疵是两个不同的法律概念,二者在判断标准、承担责任的性质、方式、构成要件及责任主体、索赔途径等方面均有本质区别。     

Construction of Preferred Product Profiles and Product Differentiation

Abstract

This paper illustrates a methodology called choice modeling (CM) that allows a comparison between beef quality preference profiles of three different merchandising groups in South Korea. The CM data was collected from three equally proportioned retailer, wholesaler and importer groups in South Korea by a mail survey. Multinomial logit model (MNL) estimation of the CM data showed that all three merchandising groups currently define preferences for imported beef cut with narrow range and specificity. The choice modeling (CM) technique that was applied in this study is found to be effective in eliciting product profile of a beef cut that is preferred specifically by a particular merchandising group. Construction of a preferred product profile of a beef cut for each merchandising group provides a basis for marginal analysis of factor level changes on buyers' purchasing choices. Information on preferred product profiles and marginal analysis of three merchandising groups' beef purchasing behavior can facilitate differentiated product development and marketing programs at different stages of the beef supply chain in Korea.     

Age,Product Nutrition,and Label Format Effects on Consumer Perceptions and Product Evaluations

Nutrition label format effects across different levels of product nutrition value and groups of younger (under 58 years; average 46 years) and older consumers (58 years or more; average 70 years) are examined using a 3 × 2 × 2 experimental design. Age interacts with nutrition level in affecting nutrition evaluation measures with older consumers displaying smaller differences in nutrition attitude and purchase likelihood for a low versus a high nutrition value product. Older consumers also perceive all labels as more difficult to understand. Consumer performance on judgment tasks vary across label formats and nutrition value manipulations. Implications for consumer welfare and future research are offered.     

现代国际领域产品生命周期研究——对弗农(Vernon)学说的一种拓展

着眼于时间维度,通过对产品概念的三层内涵和对应的三类国际贸易投资中产品生命周期的初步研究,将弗农学说进一步动态化和系统化。在此基础上讨论了国际贸易与投资发生的时间和从长期来看的发展趋势,提出了描述产品研发、生产、销售通过国际贸易和国际投资在各国间转移的“波浪模型”。使国际领域产品生命周期理论能更好地解释现代国际贸易投资的新现象,也有助于从时间角度在整体上理解和把握国际贸易与投资的大趋势。     

Product placements in movies and on Broadway

On the basis of 17 characteristics of 100 Belgian radio commercials (amount of information and brand quotes, humour, emotionality, eroticism, music, action-impulse, and so on), three types of radio spot were identified: image-dominant and emotional/creative spots, information-dominant and emotional/creative spots, and information-dominant and non-emotional/not creative spots. The affective and cognitive attitudes towards each commercial, as well as attitudes towards the brands and purchase intentions, were measured in a sample of 100 respondents. Overall, the information-dominant, emotional/ creative type of commercial resulted in the most positive attitudes towards ads and brands. The other two types of ad performed less well. The components of the attitude towards the ads were strongly correlated with the attitude towards the brands. In particular, the affective reactions and, to a lesser extent, the perceived degree of informative-ness of an ad significantly explained attitude towards the brand.