我国劳动力市场收入分配效应分析

我国作为世界上最大的处于转型期的发展中国家，其经济发展水平和劳动力市场机制的完善程度与发达国家存在较大的差距，劳动力市场分割状况也极为复杂：城乡分割、隔离，城市内部的分割，等等。劳动力市场分割必然对劳动力的收入产生影响。一、劳动力城乡分割的收入分配差别 我国劳动力市场分割，首先表现为城乡劳动力市场分割。20世纪五十年代中后期以来，我国所形成的城乡就业隔离政策，不仅是行政上的隔离，同时又是体制上的隔离，即不允许农村劳动力自由进入城市就业。20世纪八十年代中后期以后，政府对农民的自由流动和就业选择权利有条件的认可，城市对农村劳动力进入的行政控制逐步放松。但是，     

农村人力资本投资与农村劳动力流动的相关性分析

农村劳动力就业非农化是农业现代化的必然趋势。但是由于农村人力资本投入偏低，造成农村劳动力素质普遍低下，严重制约了农村劳动力向非农产业和城市的转移与就业。因此，必须加大对农村人力资本投入，大力发展农村教育，加强对农村劳动力的各种培训，提高农村劳动力素质，增强农村劳动力在市场上的竞争力，降低转移成本。     

我国农村剩余劳动力流动模型及其管理含义

通过对我国的劳动力价格歧视、劳动力进入的制度成本、城乡福利差异等劳动力流动规模影响因素的分析，建立了我国农村剩余劳动力流动模型。模型表明，歧视性的二元户籍制度无助于缓解农村剩余劳动力对城市的就业压力，反而造成城市劳动力市场的就业容量损失，降低了整个社会的福利水平。     

资本移入:湖北农村富余劳动力转移长效机制的战略视角

本文认为,从建立湖北省农村富余劳动力转移长效机制的角度来看资本移入优于劳务输出。由于资本密集地区受要素价格均等化和贫困化增长的影响,无法提高劳动力价格,而劳动者又要承担较高的流动成本、社会成本和生活成本,限制了对劳动力的吸纳能力。湖北省属于资本稀缺、劳动力密集、生活费用较低的地区,资本移入之后,不仅可以增加正式部门的劳动需求,而且可以带动非正式部门的劳动需求,同时为农业部门提供市场,从而形成一个以资本为核心,正式部门、非正式部门、农业部门为外环的良性就业圈。因此,解决湖北农村富余劳动力转移的长效机制应当是制定政策,吸引东部资本流入。     

关于晋中农村劳动力转移与城镇化的调研报告

山西省晋中市农村劳动力转移,有5个特点:①农村劳动力转移的程度与城镇化进程基本吻合;②小城镇发展成为农村富裕劳动力的吸纳器;③农业产业化经营为转化农村劳动力创造了条件;④乡镇企业结构优化,为转化农村劳动力奠定了基础;⑤对外开放和城市经济发展,为转化农村劳动力扩展了空间。存在的问题是:①多数农村劳动力文化程度低、综合素质差,造成转移过程中择业面窄、就业层次低;②中介服务组织不健全,造成转移大军的无序流动;③城乡分割的户籍制度,制约着农村劳动力向城镇转移的速度;④乡镇企业举步维艰,吸纳农村劳动力的能力弱化。要大量转移农村劳动力,一是要继续实施农业产业化经营,创造更多的就业机会;二是要加快农村的城镇化进程,创造更大就业空间;三是要健全和完善农村劳务市场和服务体系,提高其组织化程度。     

农村劳动力培洲机制创新研究

和谐社会的建设需要高素质的劳动者，而农村劳动力的数量虽大却素质不高，形成了农村劳动力市场供给和需求的矛盾。造成这一矛盾的主要原因之一在于农村劳动力培训市场不能满足市场经济发展的需要，因此，创新培训机制，建立符合市场发展要求的市场化运行机制是解决这一问题的关键。     

城乡劳动力市场一体化研究

本文首先论述了城乡劳动力市场一体化的重大意义，并指出了城乡劳动力市场一体化过程中在制度性、政策性、行业壁垒、劳动力市场服务体系和农村劳动力素质低等方面存在的主要障碍，并提出了克服这些障碍，实现城乡劳动力一体化应采取的对策与措施。     

促进农村劳动力输出产业化发展的对策探讨

农村富余劳动力的转移与就业，是解决农业，农村，农民问题的关键所在，政府服务与市场机制并举，强化劳动力转移培训，培育农村劳动力转移市场和建设农村信息化体系，不失为促进农村劳动力输出产业化发展的有效之举。     

28个县（市）农村劳动力跨区域流动的调查研究

２８个县（市）农村劳动力跨区域流动的调查研究“农村剩余劳动力转移与劳动力市场”课题组一、前言在拥有大量农业人口、区域经济发展不平衡的我国，农村一些劳动力以跨区域流动的方式转入非农产业，是改革和社会经济结构过程中出现一种富有时代意义的必然现象。不论人们...     

农村劳动力培训的经济学分析

农村劳动力转移问题从根本上影响着农业现代化发展的进程 ,影响着国民经济增长的进程。农村劳动力转移的意义已为学界和实际工作部门所认可 ,但就如何推动农村劳动力转移 ,突破口在哪里 ,还是个悬而未决的问题。本文认为 ,只要抓住劳动力培训这一中心环节 ,就能大大推动农村剩余劳动力的转移。一农村劳动力转移 ,既为农村非农经济的发展提供了人力保障 ,又为农村经济的发展和经济总规模的不断扩张提供了条件。研究表明 ,农村劳动力中的一产业劳动力比重越低 ,农村剩余劳动率越低 ,经济发展水平和农民收入越高。世界银行估计 ,1 980—1 997年…     

劳动力市场分割、要素配置效率与农产品流通产业增长——一个有调节的中介效应检验

本文通过建立有调节的中介效应模型,探讨了劳动力市场分割影响农产品流通产业增长的路径.研究表明,产业间劳动力市场分割和城乡间劳动力市场分割都显著地抑制了农产品流通产业增长,并通过有调节的中介路径产生影响;产业间劳动力市场分割比城乡间的劳动力市场分割在更大程度上维护了农产品流通产业较低的要素配置效率;规模效率对要素配置效率...     

农村土地流转的供求意愿及其流转效率的评价研究

研究目的:研究农村土地流转的农户供求意愿,定量评价土地流转的经济效率。研究方法:通过设置的土地流转意愿度指标分析农户土地流转的供给意愿,通过农户实际土地经营规模和最适土地经营规模的比较分析农户的需求意愿,利用市场供求模型估算土地流转带来的供求双方农户经济福利。研究结果:中部6省的农户供给意愿在0.18—0.52之间,农户实际土地经营规模为0.27—0.73 hm2/户,最适土地经营规模0.61—1.08 hm2/户,以100—300元/亩流转交易价实行土地流转后,中部6省中各省供给方农户的经济福利可达到1.1—9.2亿元,需求方农户的经济福利可达到2.2—12.2亿元。研究结论:从供给角度看,当前农户的土地流转意愿低;从需求角度看,农户有土地流转的意愿。土地流转交易使土地资源和劳动力资源得到重新配置,增进了土地供给者和土地需求者的福利,提高了经济效率。     

农村劳动力转移就业稳定性对土地流转的影响效应研究基于迁移异质性视角

目的 基于2017年在广东、河南、湖北、山西、云南5省所做的农户调查数据, 从迁移异质性角度, 考察了劳动力转移就业稳定性对农户土地流转的影响差异。方法 文章使用IV-Probit和IV-Tobit模型, 解决劳动力转移就业行为内生性的问题, 实现模型参数结果的无偏估计。结果 在广延边际上, 劳动力季节性非稳定转移就业对农户转入、转出土地均没有显著影响, 而常年稳定转移就业仅对农户转出土地有显著正影响, 家庭每新增1个常年在外务工者, 会使农户土地转出倾向增加9.5%;在集约边际上, 虽然稳定和非稳定的转移就业方式都降低了农地需求, 但只有常年稳定转移就业显著促进了农地供给的增加, 家庭每新增1个常年在外务工者, 会使农户土地转出数量增加8.1%。结论 促进农村转移劳动力向城市的稳定迁移和就业, 尤其是让非稳定转移就业者实现在城市的长期、稳定就业, 是解决现阶段农村土地流转市场供给不足的有效出路。     

Smallholder participation in vegetable exports and age‐disaggregated labor allocation in Northern Tanzania

Modern agricultural supply chains have been playing an increasingly important role in developing countries and have had significant effects on rural labor markets. This article analyses the effects of smallholder farmer participation in export vegetable supply chains in Northern Tanzania on both household hired labor demand and off‐farm labor supply, using an age‐disaggregated approach. In our sample, neither separability nor exogeneity of smallholder farmer participation in export supply chains can be rejected. Hence, we apply lognormal double‐hurdle models and find that participation in export supply chains positively affects households’ decision to hire labor from all age groups. We also find that it increases the unconditional overall level of hired labor demand, while the age‐disaggregated analysis shows that these effects mostly benefit rural youth. However, our sample does not allow us to establish statistically significant evidence of an effect on household off‐farm labor supply although the point estimates point to nonnegligible positive effect sizes.     

城镇化背景下的农村剩余劳动力就业途径研究

[目的]在国家为实现工业化和现代化而大力推行城镇化的背景下,农村剩余劳动力转移问题受到多种因素的影响,劳动力的就业问题层出不穷,亟待解决。[方法]文章以农村剩余劳动力的就业途径为研究对象,分析农村剩余劳动力就业面临的问题,剖析其就业影响因素与就业方式,并对促进农村剩余劳动力的就业提出建议。[结果]研究结果表明,我国农村剩余劳动力自身竞争力弱,且社会保障和劳动力市场机制不完善是目前农村剩余劳动力就业存在的主要问题;受教育程度、外出务工经历、年龄、求职成本是影响农村劳动力就业的主要因素;农村劳动力就业方式更倾向于通过亲人或朋友介绍。[结论]针对我国农村剩余劳动力就业现状,提出完善农村劳动力的培训管理机制、大力发展乡村特色生态旅游产业、加强就业服务体系建设、强化土地制度和户籍制度改革等建议。     

Impact of land fragmentation and non-agricultural labor supply on circulation of agricultural land management rights

This study quantitatively examines the effects of land fragmentation and non-agricultural labor supply on the circulation of agricultural land management rights. The examination is conducted from the perspective of labor heterogeneity and family joint decision-making, using the rural fixed observation point data from the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. The results reveal that land fragmentation significantly affects circulation decisions of agricultural land circulation. Land fragmentation strengthens the effect of non-agricultural labor supply on agricultural land outflow, and this effect is more pronounced among females. Compared with males, the female non-agricultural labor supply has a greater effect on agricultural land circulation. When non-agricultural labor supply increases, the effect of the female non-agricultural labor supply on agricultural land circulation becomes significant, land outflows increase, and land inflows decrease. In the areas of eastern, central, and northeastern China, the female non-agricultural labor supply has a significant impact on agricultural land outflow. Furthermore, the number of land plots strengthens the effect of the non-agricultural labor supply on the outflows of agricultural land in eastern and northeastern China; this effect is more pronounced for females in northeastern China. The government and related departments should strengthen non-agricultural employment training, and design conditions and policies to promote the orderly transfer of household labor, thus achieving intense agricultural development in the process of human urbanization.     

How does land fragmentation affect off‐farm labor supply: panel data evidence from China

This article provides a deeper theoretical understanding of the linkages between land fragmentation and off‐farm labor supply in China, and investigates this relationship empirically in a more direct way than does the existing literature. Drawing upon a rural household panel data set collected in Zhejiang, Hubei, and Yunnan Provinces from 1995 to 2002, we estimate the effects in two steps. First, we estimate the effect of land fragmentation on labor productivity. Second, we estimate the effect of land fragmentation on off‐farm labor supply. The production function results show that land fragmentation indeed leads to lower agricultural labor productivity, implying that land consolidation will make on‐farm work more attractive and thus decrease off‐farm labor supply. However, the effect of land consolidation on off‐farm labor supply is not significant. One likely explanation for this result may be the potentially imperfect labor markets.     

Markets and pro-poor agricultural growth: insights from livelihood and informal rural economy models in Malawi

This article presents the development of a set of programming models describing the major features of different rural livelihoods and of the informal rural economy they together make up in Malawi. The models allow for differentiated responses by different household types to change and for the partial equilibrium effects of consequent supply, demand, and price adjustments in labor and grain markets. The models provide insights into the relations between own‐farm and nonown‐farm activities in different households' livelihoods and in the informal rural economy as a whole, and are used to investigate possible impacts of increasing cash crop prices and of a more open rural economy. Impacts of these changes on the poor are found to be critically dependent upon supply and demand elasticities in labor and grain markets, but the poor could potentially suffer significant losses from increased openness of the local economy leading to increased expenditure by less poor households on imported goods and services.     

Determinants of smallholder farmers' participation in banana markets in Central Africa: the role of transaction costs

A bivariate probit model was employed to jointly and separately estimate banana market participation decisions of buying and selling households in Rwanda and Burundi using household survey data. Selectivity bias was corrected for estimating the transacted volumes using Heckman's procedure. The results showed that transaction cost‐related factors such as geographical location of households, market information sources, and travel time to the nearest urban center influence market participation. Non‐price‐related factors such as security of land tenure, labor availability, off‐farm income, gender of the household head, and years of farming experience had a significant influence on the transacted volumes. Output prices had a significant correlation with sales volume, indicating price incentives increased supply by sellers. Generally, the findings suggest that policies aimed at investments in rural road infrastructure, market information systems, collective marketing, and value addition of banana products may provide a potential avenue for mitigating transaction costs and enhancing market participation and production of marketed surplus by rural households.     

农村集体非农建设用地直接上市:市场失灵与其政策矫正

研究目的:研究中国农村集体非农建设用地直接上市陷于困境的制度之源,探讨农村集体非农建设用地直接上市的政策矫正。研究方法:局部均衡分析和交易费用分析。研究结果:中国现行法律法规对农村集体非农建设用地直接上市限制不当以及集体非农建设用地产权残缺提升了市场交易费用,减弱了当事人的集体非农建设用地供求,影响了交易效率,降低了社会福利。研究结论:必须"尊重农民土地财产权利",在明晰农村集体非农建设用地产权基础上,赋予农村集体非农建设用地直接上市的权利,从消除制度障碍、明晰土地产权等角度克服中国集体非农建设用地直接上市的瓶颈。