A typology of project-level technology transfer processes

This paper develops a conceptual typology of inward technology transfer (ITT), which explicitly considers technology transfer at the project, rather than the firm, level of analysis. Building on extant technology management literature and the organizational theories of information processing and interdependence, we carefully characterize the three dimensions of the typology: the technology uncertainty of the technology that is transferred, the organizational interaction between the technology source and recipient, and transfer effectiveness. Appropriate matches of technology uncertainty and organizational interaction result in four archetypal cases called “transfer process types”, which represent the most effective approaches to technology transfer. Real-life examples of effective and ineffective matches are presented, and implications of the typology for future research and practice are discussed.     

科技项目管理中引入项目经理制的思考

科技项目是以科学研究和技术开发为内容而单独立项的项目,其目的在于解决经济和社会发展中出现的科学技术问题。当前,随着国家创新驱动战略的贯彻实施和科学技术对人类社会发展的巨大影响,使得科学研究越来越多的得到国家和地方的重视,政府科技投入逐年增加。不同层次、不同类别的政府科技项目已经成为推动我国科技、经济发展的主导。如何科学、合理、有效的进行科技项目管理,保证项目实施可以产生预期的社会、经济效益,愈发显得十分迫切和需要,改革现有科技项目管理机制,逐步提高实施项目效益,已成为各级科技管理部门的当务之急。     

Adoption of cleaner technology for climate proactivity: a technology–firm–stakeholder framework

The adoption of cleaner technology (CT) has the potential to play an important role in tackling the impacts of business on climate change on business. It is therefore important to understand the factors motivating the adoption of CT in business. Using a technology–firm–stakeholder framework, this study proposes a perception‐based model for the adoption of CT for climate proactivity that is tested against data collected from 106 firms in India. Six factors are tested using a logistic regression and five are found to be significant in distinguishing adopter firms from non‐adopter firms. The results suggest that the perception‐based model using a technology–firm–stakeholder framework is a useful approach for examining factors affecting the adoption decision. While techno‐economic benefits are perceived to be higher by adopter firms than by non‐adopter firms, other benefits are not perceived differently by either adopter or non‐adopter firms. In addition, adopter firms perceive lower financial costs and higher technical capability than non‐adopter firms do. Also, adopter firms perceive higher regulatory pressure but lower stakeholder pressure than non‐adopter firms do. Implications of the findings and future research areas are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

高校技术转移中心科技成果转化及技术转移现状分析

高校技术转移中心的科技成果转化及技术转移是技术转移领域的重要组成部分。但是,我国高校的科技成果转化率很低,技术转移中心的服务能力不强。基于此,本文将研究分析国内高校科技成果转化及技术转移的现状,为其今后的发展和研究提供参考。     

Government instruments to support the commercialization of university research: Lessons from Canada

Increased efforts are made in most industrialized countries to promote the commercialization of university research, for instance, through spin-off firm formation. Many studies have investigated the initiatives set up in the university sector that aim to support and facilitate the commercialization of research, such as technology transfer offices (TTO). However, few studies have looked at the increasing number of instruments introduced from the government. This paper reviews the Canadian support structure at federal level that aims to support the commercialization of publicly funded research. Two types of programs can be identified. Firstly, programs made to induce structural reforms within the university sector in order to improve the institutional capabilities to facilitate commercialization projects. Secondly, programs providing support to specific commercialization projects. This paper explores how these types of programs are operated at government level. An example of implementation at university level is also given. The lessons to be learned from the Canadian case are related to how the government initiatives encourage a bottom-up approach. This is accomplished by providing resources for direct use in commercialization projects or to develop professional expertise in technology transfer in the university sector, by experimenting with new initiatives, and finally by facilitating cooperation between commercializing organizations.     

浅谈技术转移机构协同发展的实践与探索

本文概述了技术转移机构建设状况及多种技术转移模式,介绍了各地为促进技术转移机构协同发展所做的实践,并从政府引导、技术经纪人队伍建设及企业创新角度对技术转移工作进行了展望。     

关于建立和完善技术转移激励机制的探讨

技术创新与技术转移对国家发展、社会进步产生着巨大的影响，这已成为世界各国的共识。通过促进技术转移来催化技术创新、发展高技术产业、调整优化产业结构、加速区域经济和科技发展，也正成为我国经济发展的趋势。针对目前广西的技术转移现状，广西生产力促进中心组织开展技术转移情况的调研，根据调研情况，分析并提出了加快制定确立广西技术转移相关政策措施初步建议，以期促进广西经济的发展。     

关于建立和完善技术转移激励机制的探讨

技术创新与技术转移对国家发展、社会进步产生着巨大的影响,这已成为世界各国的共识。通过促进技术转移来催化技术创新、发展高技术产业、调整优化产业结构、加速区域经济和科技发展,也正成为我国经济发展的趋势。针对目前广西的技术转移现状,广西生产力促进中心组织开展技术转移情况的调研,根据调研情况,分析并提出了加快制定确立广西技术转移相关政策措施初步建议,以期促进广西经济的发展。     

The effectiveness of entrepreneurial firm’s knowledge acquisition from a business incubator

This cross-cultural research project, involving the United States and Finland, explored how the entrepreneurial firm’s acquisition of business processes’ knowledge from interaction with incubator management positively impacts on new product development, increased technical competence, enhanced reputation and lower costs of sales to customers. In a sample of 52 firms, the study’s methodology depended on single response, self-reported data. The findings suggest that the sole knowledge benefits gained by the firm, from the incubator relationship, is a perception of enhanced reputation. Also, incubator managers should focus more on assisting new technology based firms with growing the venture in the marketplace. Funding for this project was provided by The National Science Foundation, and The National Technology Agency of Finland.     

The impact of open innovation on firm performance: The moderating effects of internal R&D and environmental turbulence

Researchers have identified open innovation as two dimensions, external technology acquisition and external technology exploitation. This study explores the direct and interactive effects of these two dimensions on firm performance and further examines the moderation effects of two factors (i.e., internal R&D and environmental turbulence) on the relationship between both types of open innovation and firm performance. Based on Chesbrough's open innovation model, multi-item scales were developed to measure two dimensions of firm-level open innovation. Survey results of 176 Taiwanese high tech manufacturing firms provide support for most hypotheses. The result shows that external technology acquisition positively affects firm performance, whereas external technology exploitation does not. This study also finds that external technology acquisition strengthens the relationship between external technology exploitation and firm performance. Both external technology acquisition and external technology exploitation are positively related to firm performance under high internal R&D investment and a turbulent market environment. However, technological turbulence only positively affects the relationship between external technological acquisition, but not external technology exploitation, and firm performance. The findings contribute to enhanced understanding of how the degree of leveraging open innovation dimensions depends on their complementarity, internal R&D, and environmental turbulence.     

高校技术转移中心存在的问题及对策研究

技术转移是促进科技与经济结合的有效手段,是国家自主创新体系的重要组成部分。高校技术转移中心的功能是加快科技成果转化,服务地方经济发展。但我国高校技术转移中心在发展过程中还存在许多问题,需要优化管理运营模式、建立复合型人才队伍、构建金融服务体系、借力技术转移联盟、加强国际技术转移,从而提高科技成果转化率,助推创新型国家建设。     

Technology exploitation in the context of open innovation: Finding the right ‘job’ for your technology

In light of the recent economic crisis, many industrial firms attempt to capture additional value from their technologies by means of open innovation strategies. Besides acquiring external technology, many firms therefore increasingly try to license their own technology to other firms either exclusively or in addition to its application in their own products. This article shows that technology licensing offers important strategic benefits beyond generating licensing revenues, which underscore the need for an integrated management of technology licensing activities. Therefore, this article extends the concept of job-related markets that was recently developed in the managerial literature. A ‘job’ is the fundamental problem that a customer needs to resolve in a particular situation. Managers may transfer this job-related understanding to technology licensing activities because the right ‘job’ for a technology may be outside a firm’s boundaries, and it may help firms to identify additional licensing opportunities. On this basis, the article presents the concept of an integrated technology exploitation roadmap, which allows firms to use the job-related markets to integrate technology licensing in their strategic planning processes. An example of a machinery firm shows how this roadmap may contribute to strengthening a firm’s licensing business.     

Differences in technology transfer between science-based and development-based industries: Transfer mechanisms and barriers

Although several studies in the wide body of literature on technology transfer have hinted at differences across industries, this still remains an understudied issue. Our study addresses this topic and considers to what degree technology transfer processes differ across different industrial sectors. To that end, we study to what extent technology transfer processes differ along both types of transfer mechanisms and key barriers inhibiting the transfer process. Based on a survey of Dutch practitioners on both sides of the transfer process, we test a number of hypotheses that differentiates between science-based regimes and development-based regimes. While our findings confirm our hypotheses concerning differences between the regimes regarding the use of specific transfer mechanisms, we also find that both regimes share a number of mechanisms that are similar. In addition, our findings show a remarkable degree of similarity among barriers inhibiting the process. We discuss these findings within the context of the broader literature and formulate policy implications.     

论技术转移在企业中的作用

技术转移工作有助于企业的人才培养、知识产权的形成及快速提升成套技术集成能力和国际化能力。在企业内开展技术转移工作实现科研成果、创新成果等向生产力的转化,能发挥企业内技术人员的协同效应,实现知识共享,提升企业产品竞争能力。     

Aligning Misaligned Systemic Innovations: Probing Inter‐Firm Effects Development in Project Networks

Implementing systemic innovations in a project network can significantly improve its performance; however, implementing systemic innovations is difficult if project network structures misalign to the innovation. Little research has examined how project network structures can align to systemic innovations. To address this research gap, we studied an advanced building information modeling tool implemented in a Finnish design and development project network. We found that misaligned innovations are aligned through a process of task sequence alignment, knowledge base alignment, and work allocation alignment. Our findings are important; they suggest that implementing systemic innovations in project networks is a multistage inter‐firm process.     

Collaboration in the Shadow of the Technology Frontier: Evidence from the Flat Panel Display Industry

The literature on competition through innovation tends to emphasize the benefits of technological leadership. However, we explain why a capable firm might prefer to shadow the technology leader—remaining slightly behind rather than competing directly at the frontier. On the basis of a formal model and the competitive dynamics literature, we propose that the more benefits a firm gains from collaboration with a technological leader through licensing and supply agreements, the more likely the firm is to take a shadowing position. Our hypotheses, particularly regarding licensing from a technological leader, receive support from a large sample in the flat panel display industry. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土地竞价转让文件的编制

编制土地竞价转让文件,应按照"编报规范、依据充分,经济合理、技术先进,重点突出、兼顾一般"的原则,但是在实际中,还不止于此,所以可以说,也是一个较为大型的工程,在本文中,介绍了土地竞价转让文件的编制方法与原则。     

Commercializing inventions resulting from university research: Analyzing the impact of technology characteristics on subsequent business models

One of the key challenges in commercializing inventions arising from academic research is deciding on an appropriate business model for transferring the invention from the academic world to the commercial world. However, there is little empirical evidence to suggest which model to choose. This study attempts to address this gap by examining how characteristics of technologies affect the selection of business models.We consider four characteristics of technology: patent or other legal protection, specialized complementary assets, commercial uncertainty and technological dynamism. We relate these characteristics to the choice of three basic business models for commercializing inventions. Data for this study were gathered for 42 commercialized inventions.We found evidence that greater patent or other legal protection for the technology was associated with a greater likelihood that the technology was commercialized by transferring limited rights to the technology to existing firms. We also found evidence that greater commercial uncertainty was associated with a greater likelihood that the technology was commercialized by creation of a new firm or transfer of the rights to the technology to an existing firm. We did not find evidence of a relationship between the importance of specialized complementary assets or technological dynamism and the business model used.     

The development and application of a process model for R&D project management in a high tech firm: A field study

In R&;D organizations of high tech firms, multiple R&;D projects are executed concurrently and timeliness of project completion - i.e., developing the right products at the right times - is a matter of serious concern. Given that the priority of R&;D projects and the interdependencies between the projects in a high tech firm change dynamically, high tech R&;D project management is a complex and challenging endeavor. To improve the understanding and management of high tech R&;D projects, this paper reports the findings of a field study where we, first, develop and empirically estimate a model that relates project priority over time with the generative mechanisms of market pull and technical challenge associated with R&;D projects. Next, we develop and demonstrate the application of a process model within which the time-varying project priority model is embedded. The process model makes it possible to allocate fixed resources among competing projects with time-varying interdependencies, thereby improving the timeliness of project completion. This research was conducted in collaboration with a major U.S. high tech firm. The corporate R&;D center of the firm served as the research setting for the field study. We present an application of the process model to delineate the evolution of the R&;D organization with the merger of its (technology driven) parent firm with another (market driven) high tech manufacturing firm. The application of the process model generates theoretical insights that are used to develop testable propositions. Implications of the study findings and directions for future research are discussed.     

港口疏浚吹填施工技术研究

经济高速发展,我国港航工程项目规模增大,满足社会发展实际要求,港航项目建设周期长,且施工技术要求高,具体施工过程中具有显著的综合性及复杂性,港口疏浚吹填技术应用,可为港口项目建设提供保障,有效减少项目实施过程中质量问题,增强项目整体效益。本文阐述疏浚吹填工程项目特点基础上,分析港口疏浚吹填施工技术要点,通过实际案例应用,为日后港口工程应用提供参考。