扎实推进科技创新 为现代渔业建设提供强大科技支撑

新中国成立以来,我国渔业科技体系的形成与发展经历了四个阶段,在不同发展阶段,渔业科技创新推动了渔业生产的长足发展,拓展了渔业生产水域,提高了渔业水域利用率和劳动生产率,开发出新的资源,培育出新的品种,促进渔业生产方式的变革。我国渔业科技事业飞速发展的基本经验是:坚持科学技术是第一生产力,高度重视水产科技事业;坚持产业导向,促进水产科技与生产的紧密结合;坚持立足国情,突出自主创新;坚持科技体制机制的改革创新,促进和谐发展。在新的历史时期,我国渔业科技工作者重任在肩,要按照党中央、国务院的要求,深入学习实践科学发展观,扎实开展渔业科技创新工作,为现代渔业建设提供强大科技支撑。     

我国渔业发展现状、问题及出路

本文简要分析了我国渔业发展的现状，探讨了渔业生产面临的渔业资源不断下降、拖网作业比重较大、工厂化养殖比重太低、渔业灾害仍然很重、渔业人口和渔业劳动力大幅度减少等问题，并对今后渔业的发展提出几点建议：调整捕捞产业结构，拓展发展空间；加快发展水产养殖，实施良种工程；重视水产加工，扩大对外贸易渠道；加强重大疫病和灾害的防控，严格食品安全管理；加大科技投入，加强基础设施投入等。     

宁夏中卫市腾格里湖生态渔业发展模式简介

在生态优先、绿色发展的时代背景下,湖泊渔业的发展必须要实现渔业生产和湖泊水域生态保护相协调,主动适应水域生态环境保护对湖泊水域生态渔业发展的新要求。为此宁夏中卫市畜牧水产技术推广服务中心联合宁夏水产研究所(有限公司)、宁夏大学生命科学院等相关单位,在宁夏中卫市腾格里湖开展了以湖泊绿色生态净水渔业技术模式构建与研究试验,该模式以保护湖泊水环境为前提,以市场需求为导向,合理搭配养殖鱼类品种,发展生态保水渔业。     

《关于创新体制机制推进农业绿色发展的意见》解读 推行水产健康养殖制度 加强水生生物保护

正渔业是国家战略产业,在保障优质食物蛋白供给,改善居民膳食营养结构,维护水域生态安全方面发挥重要作用。《关于创新体制机制推进农业绿色发展的意见》提出推行水产健康养殖制度,健全水生生态保护修复制度。实现这一目标,就是要坚持提质增效、减量增收、绿色发展、富裕渔民,以健康养殖、适度捕捞、保护资源、做强产业为方向,大力推进渔业供给侧结构性改革,加快转变渔业发展方式,提升渔业生产标准化、绿色化、产业化、组织化和可持续发展水平。推行水产健康养殖制度。完善养殖水域滩涂规划,优化     

当前我国渔业产业结构调整的方向和重点

本文简要介绍了我国渔业产业结构存在的主要问题和调整渔业产业结构的基本原则，在此基础上，指出当前渔业产业结构调整的重点和方向是：调整渔业生产结构、压缩海洋捕捞强度；调整水产养殖结构、保持养殖业的健康发展；调整水产加工业结构、提高水产品的附加值；大力发展远洋渔业、将产业调整向国际资源转移；以科技为动力，坚持“科技兴渔”、用高新技术改造传统渔业产业。     

江苏省兴化市创新渔业生产经营理念

<正> 为进一步推进渔业和渔业经济结构调整,江苏市兴化市水产局日前提出了渔业生产经营新理念。 一、抓好关键点,提高水产养殖质量。加强养殖水域综合治理,大力开展河道清淤、除草,改善渔业生态环境;减少养殖过程中废弃物的污染,建立水产养殖的良性循环体系;加大电力、交通等配套设施的投入,增强养殖设施的综合功能。优化养殖布局,形成一地一品、一方一业的养殖特色;     

21世纪渔业科技创新——2000年中国水产学会学术年会暨全国水产养殖展览会在汉举行

<正> 中国水产学会学术年会暨全国水产养殖展览会于2000年3月2日至4日在东湖之滨的武汉科技会展中心举行。 会议期间,代表们就21世纪我国渔业发展的方向及科技创新在推动渔业生产中的作用交换了各自的看法,并在名特优养殖技术、鱼病防治、水产饲料、水产品加工等领域进行了广泛、深入的交流。 学术交流期间,同时举办了水产养殖展览会。新近落成的武汉科技会展中心展览总     

水库网箱养殖“百桂1号”罗非鱼高产试验

<正>近年来,我县大力发展水电事业,由于有中小型水电站的建成而新增了渔业水域面积,利用渔业水域发展渔业生产,研究在水库开展网箱养殖技术,为全县提供一套成熟的水库网箱养殖技术方案,特开展本次"百桂1号"罗非鱼高产养殖试验。旨在提高罗非鱼养殖产量和经济效益,充分发挥地区资源优势,促进产业结构调整,形成集约化、规模化罗非鱼养殖大县。     

老河口市渔业科技入户工作呈现“八变八高”态势

<正>据近日老河口市渔业科技入户专家组对全市上半年渔业科技入户工作的督查结果显示,今年该市的渔业科技入户工作比往年更扎实,成效更明显。全市渔业生产、经营态势良好,主要体现在"八变八高":一、养殖观念变,养殖成活率明显提高。粪肥养鱼、大草沤肥养鱼变成。现今提倡的健康养殖、生态养殖、标准化养殖以及以微生态制剂为代表的水质调控技术、水草栽植洁水技术普遍为广大养殖户所接受。由于水质调控     

洞庭湖区渔业产业化发展研究——以湖南安乡县为例

安乡县是洞庭湖淡水渔业县的典型代表,是国家商品鱼生产基地县和全国渔业生产百强县。论文通过对全县137个乡级和村级渔场走访调研,对洞庭湖区安乡县的渔业资源和渔业发展现状进行了评价分析,指出了安乡县渔业产业化发展存在的问题和发展渔业产业化的切入点,提出了抓产业规划、培植特色产业、加强科技化水平、加快市场拉动、加快科技创新等相关建议,以实现洞庭湖区渔业产业化健康快速发展。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.