Effects of the private land acquisition process and costs on mining enterprises before mining operation activities in Turkey

According to the mining legislation in Turkey, different permits must be obtained from the authorized institutions or to reach an agreement with a private landowner according to whether there is private or public land for mining. If the landowner and the mining investor do not agree, the expropriation is conducted if the public interest is observed in the mining operation. There is no doubt that the rights of landowners should be adequately ensured by legislation. However, there are cases where land ownership problems cannot be solved in areas that overlap with mining areas and are subject to private ownership. The expropriation permit process may sometimes last 1.5–2 years. Therefore, mining enterprises are unable to start production activities and risk losing their investments. Especially for the reasons related to private landowners and experts, private land acquisition/expropriation costs for mining activities are quite high compared with the market.To identify and produce solutions to the legal problems in Turkey, in May, June, and July of 2018, a survey study was conducted to ask mining enterprises about their problems in private land acquisition and the costs for them. The mining sector in Turkey expects that all applicable legislations will be proposed in a manner that does not waste the time of the mining investor and that the private land acquisition/expropriation costs will be reduced in a manner that does not pose a risk of mining investment. In this respect, the ratio of expropriation costs to the mining investment amount (MIA) was analyzed according to the different mineral groups and the social and economic development level of the cities where mining was conducted. Based on this research, legislation practices also have negative effects on mining enterprises, on the expropriation costs and the expropriation permit processes.     

Drug trafficking,cattle ranching and Land use and Land cover change in Guatemala’s Maya Biosphere Reserve

Drug trafficking organizations are driving deforestation in Guatemala’s Maya Biosphere Reserve. Drug traffickers deforest the protected area in order to illegally ranch cattle, which serves as a mechanism of money laundering, drug smuggling, and territory control. Journalists and ethnographers have analyzed “narco-cattle ranching” activities in the reserve and resulting “narco-deforestation,” yet land use change scientists have yet to quantify the contribution of illegal cattle ranching to forest loss. This article uses remote sensing and GIS analysis to distinguish the relative contribution of cattle ranching, farming, and land speculation to reserve deforestation and other forms of land use and land cover change. We also use ethnographic methods to provide evidentiary links between illegal cattle ranching and drug trafficking activities that suggest a large part, but not all, of illegal cattle ranching is narco-capitalized. Our research finds that illegal cattle ranching is responsible for the majority of reserve deforestation, ranging from 59 to 87% of photographs on deforested lands in three sampled areas. We also found illegal cattle ranching activities are the highest in the reserve’s western national parks, which should be strictly protected from land use change. Contrary to popular debate, these findings suggest drug traffickers in the context of the US-led War on Drugs are to blame for forest loss, not subsistence farmers illegally living in the reserve.     

云南边境地区近3O年土地利用与覆盖变化研究

利用1976年的MSS、1995年的TM、2004年的TM三个时期遥感影像数据对云南边境地区的土地覆盖动态变化进行监测。选取了土地变化幅度、单一动态度、绝对动态度、综合动态度、土地综合利用程度和马尔柯夫模型六个指标，利用RS、GIS信息技术和数理统计方法，对云南边境地区土地利用的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：土地覆盖主要以林地和裸地为主；土地覆盖变化幅度最显著的是建设用地和农田，而主导变化类型为林地和裸地；土地覆盖变化的主要方向是由林地向裸地和农田转化．     

大力发展矿业城市生态文明

矿业城市大力发展生态文明,是贯彻党的十八大“大力发展生态文明”重大战略决策的重要内容。在矿业城市发展生态文明,有利于推进矿产资源集约与综合利用、保障生态环境安全和促进矿业城市转型。面对持续扩大的矿产资源需求和日益深化的枯竭型城市转型问题,矿业城市生态文明建设任务艰巨。矿业城市生态文明建设要以矿产资源集约与综合利用和生态环境保护为抓手,从优化国土开发空间,集约与综合利用矿产资源、土地资源、水资源和生态资源;实施综合性、全面性、系统性生态环境管理,深化大气污染和重金属、持久性化学物污染协同防治机制;促进经济转型,大力发展循环经济等方面促进生态文明大发展。     

中国集体林产权制度改革回顾与展望

采用历史产权制度研究方法,利用详实的历史数据与信息,系统地分析改革开放以来中国集体林产权制度改革每个重要时期的改革内容与进程以及集体林地林木流转制度演化历程,发现改革开放四十年中国集体林所有权和家庭经营的基因没有变,变的是集体林地承包经营权的实现形式;指出集体林产权制度变迁道路中的困惑;提出未来集体林产权制度的选择路径。     

基于RS和GIS的额济纳旗土地利用变化研究

基于Landsat卫星遥感数据,运用GIS方法,对额济纳旗1986-2000年以土地利用类型为表征的时空变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:14年来该区草地、林地、水域、耕地面积减少,居民工矿建设用地和未利用土地面积显著增加,土地利用动态转化过程以草地转化为未利用土地、林地转化为草地和未利用土地逆转为草地为主要特征,全旗土地利用的空间位置转换面积大于其数量变化.而气候变化和人类活动是导致研究区土地利用变化的主要因素.     

深化福建集体林区林权制度改革问题探讨

阐述了福建省现阶段林权制度改革中存在的确权发证工作不彻底、林地使用费收取困难、林地经营破碎化及林业采伐指标限制等问题,并对不同问题存在的原因进行解释。基于以上分析,提出规范发证工作,加强纠纷调处力度;合理确定林地使用费收取标准,完善林地使用费制度建设;提倡适度规模经营,克服林地经营破碎化;放宽森林采伐限额,完善指标分配机制等4方面的对策来深化福建省林权制度改革。     

Knowing but not knowing: Systematic conservation planning and community conservation in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca,Mexico

Systematic conservation planning (SCP) seeks to propose new reserves through a scientifically rigorous process using databases and research selection algorithims. However, SCP exercises have been criticized for “knowing but not doing”, i.e. not implementing the proposed reserve. But there is an additional problem that can be called “knowing but not knowing”, knowing things from databases, but not knowing crucial contextual information about community-based social processes that have supported the high forest cover and biodiversity detected. Examined here is how a common property region of the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, Mexico has maintained high forest cover in the absence of public protected areas, while multiple SCP exercises have advocated for the creation of public protected areas in communal tropical montane cloud forests and pine forests as strategies for biodiversity conservation and resilience to climate change. Methods included archival research, review of community documents, focus group interviews, semi-structured interviews, participant observation, land use transects, and GIS analysis and remote sensing. Conservation in the region originally occurred because of low population densities, steep slopes and a lack of agricultural subsidies, supported by locally adapted agricultural practices. In the 1990s, a transition from passive to active conservation took place with land use zoning plans, community conservation rules, community forestry enterprises and payments for environmental service programs that consolidated a trend towards high, unthreatened forest cover. Today, the study communities have an average of 88.3% forest cover, with 61% of that in informal conservation based on community land use zoning and rules and another 14% governed by forest management plans approved by the Mexican government. We argue that truly systematic conservation plans would seek to understand how communities in the region are already managing forests for conservation. It is pointless and uninformed to advocate for top-down conservation interventions of forests that are already robustly conserved and resilient to climate change due to community action.     

Relationships between absenteeism,conservation group membership,and land management among family forest owners

Absentee landowners, or those who do not live on their forestland, own approximately 117 million acres of private forestland in the U.S. Thus, their land management decisions and activities influence the flow of forest-based goods and services. We explore the question of whether absentee family forest owners are less active land managers than resident landowners and whether membership in conservation organizations is associated with higher levels of land management activity by absentee owners. To examine these questions, we administered a mail survey to randomly-selected family forest landowners in Indiana. While we found some support for the contention that absentee owners are less active forestland managers than resident owners, we also found they are not necessarily inactive landowners. We found absentee owners were less likely to have: inspected their forestland for invasive plants, pulled or cut invasive plants, used herbicides to kill invasive plants, reduced fire hazard, or grazed livestock than resident owners. Absentee owners were more likely to be enrolled in the Indiana Classified Forest and Wildlands Program, a preferential forest property tax program. Absentee owners who are members of a conservation organization were more likely than absentee non-member owners to have undertaken a variety of land management activities, including: undertaking wildlife habitat improvement projects, inspecting their forestland for invasive plants, pulling or cutting invasive plants, enrolling in the Indiana Classified Forest and Wildlands program, and obtaining a management plan.     

Land use,water management and future flood risk

Human activities have profoundly changed the land on which we live. In particular, land use and land management change affect the hydrology that determines flood hazard, water resources (for human and environmental needs) and the transport and dilution of pollutants. It is increasingly recognised that the management of land and water are inextricably linked (e.g. Defra, 2004). “Historical context, state of the science and current management issues” section of this paper addresses the science underlying those linkages, for both rural and urban areas. In “Historical context, state of the science and current management issues” section we discuss future drivers for change and their management implications. Detailed analyses are available for flood risk, from the Foresight Future Flooding project (Evans et al., 2004a,b) and other recent studies, and so we use flooding as an exemplar, with a more limited treatment of water resource and water quality aspects. Finally in “Science needs and developments” section we discuss science needs and likely progress. This paper does not address the important topic of water demand except for some reference to the Environment Agency's Water Resources Strategy for England and Wales (Environment Agency, 2009).     

Is Portugal’s forest transition going up in smoke?

The turnarounds from decrease to expansion in forest areas that took place during the last century have been examined through the lens of forest transition theory (FTT). Among temperate and Mediterranean European countries that have seen an expansion of forest cover, Portugal stands out as the only case in which this trend has recently been reverted. In this study, we explicitly map and document the forest transition (FT) in the country over the period 1907–2006, and investigate when and where forest transition happened de facto, and which were the land use transition pathways that resulted from the shrublands, agriculture, and forest interplay dynamics. After thematic and geometric harmonization of land cover maps from 1907, 1955, 1970, 1990, and 2006, a cluster analysis established four typologies, and a transition matrix was constructed to assess land cover dynamics. We found that up to 1955, FT occurred simultaneously with agricultural expansion, as shrubland areas diminished. Afterwards, with the retraction of agricultural area and the consequential decoupling of forest management from local actors, FT gained momentum and expanded up to the 1990s. While during the first half of the 20th century, forest expansion followed the “Scarcity” and “State Policy” pathways fostered by local socio-ecological feedback loops, throughout the second half of the century forest transition was driven by exogenous socio-economic forces, following “Economic Development” and “Globalization” pathways. We show how, despite these forces, FT can be derailed by endogenous factors such as wildfires, which limited and in some areas even reverted the afforestation process, initiating a deforestation phase. Since the necessary conditions for FT (technology shift, urbanization, agriculture retraction and public afforestation programs) were available in mainland Portugal, we advance the hypothesis that critical wildfire risk governance deficits may have been responsible for arresting FT. Considering the critical role of forests and other wooded areas in supporting climate change mitigation and sustainable development, our work provides useful evidence and insights for public decision makers on previously unaddressed dimensions of FTT.     

基于3S的平朔矿区土地利用及景观格局演变研究

研究目的:以2001年、2004年和2009年3个时段的TM遥感影像为主要数据源,采用景观格局指数分析平朔矿区土地利用和景观格局演变的特征,为矿区土地管理、生态重建建设提供必要的科学依据。研究方法:文献分析法,实证分析法。研究结果:矿区范围内林地、草地、建设用地、矿坑采掘区、矿坑边坡、排土场、矿坑剥离区面积增加,耕地、水域、未利用地面积减少;由于受人为因素的干扰,各类型的景观格局有不同程度的变化,整体景观破碎程度增加,景观多样性增加,形状越来越不规则,各斑块类型在景观中呈现均衡化和多样化方向发展。研究结论:在立足长远目的的基础上,土地复垦措施为矿区的生态重建奠定了重要基础,有效地指引了矿区的可持续规划,但是生态重建的社会、经济、生态环境等的多元性决定了矿区土地复垦内容和标准应随其不断调整优化。     

自然资源资产价值可持续实现路径分析

基于马克思劳动价值论视角阐释"两山"理论的新时代内涵,对自然资源资产价值实现路径进行理论分析,采用案例分析法、质性研究法,分析"森林生态银行"运行模式实现自然资源资产价值的路径及其运作过程中面临的问题,探讨自然资源资产价值可持续实现的路径。结果表明:"森林生态银行"运行模式实现自然资源资产价值是以生态资源为基础,通过精准调查,在明晰生态资源产权的前提下,运用经济学方法对其价值进行核算,以直接或者间接利用权属交易、生态服务交易、产业化等方式将生态产品货币化。因此,应该建立市场化生态要素产权制度,引入市场经营主体发展生态产业,建立"公私合营"的生态产品交易制度,以便推进自然资源资产价值得以可持续实现。     

REDD+ and the agriculture frontier: Understanding colonists’ utilization of the land

Given the importance of the agricultural frontier as an engine of deforestation, this paper focuses on how colonists (from the Spanish word for “colonists” that is used to describe migrants to the agricultural frontier), who are important and largely overlooked stakeholders, perceive the new climate mitigation mechanism known as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in developing countries (REDD+). We aimed (1) to document colonists’ land use, perceptions, needs, and aspirations and (2) to understand if and how they could be taken into account under REDD+ policies. The study, including multiple data collection techniques (e.g., focus group, interviews, and participatory activities), was conducted in eastern Panama. Three areas that were adjacent to the Province of Darien border were chosen because of their similar forested landscapes and varying accessibility to a main road. Our results suggest that land use preferences, culture, forest scarcity and dependency, inequalities (e.g., land use, amount of forest, and land area), and lack of technical capacities are key elements to be considered when developing a REDD+ strategy with colonist communities. We propose that halting deforestation without both considering local communities’ perceptions and giving effective alternatives could seriously undermine livelihoods.     

矿山土地污染危害及污染源探讨

矿山土地污染会产生严重的危害,主要表现为减少耕地,影响矿区居民健康,危害矿区生态环境,破坏矿区居民与矿山企业的关系。在进行矿业活动时,可以讲,各个阶段都会产生不同程度和不同类型的污染源。对矿山土地污染危害及其污染源进行探讨,以期引起人们的高度重视。     

Financiers in the forests on Vancouver Island,British Columbia: On fixes and colonial enclosures

Starting in the mid 2000s, a financial asset management company and institutional investors began to invest in timberlands in British Columbia, Canada's most western province. In a period of political economic crisis, investors looked to real assets—“dirt and trees” in the words of one research participant—as a means of accumulating capital through securing access to huge parcels of the most productive and valuable forestland in North America. This article analyses these investments as a socioecological fix for finance capital suggesting that investments in land represent a means for capital and the state to negotiate moments of crisis. The article complicates existing accounts of fixes by demonstrating how the survival of capital in a settler context is fully dependent on an ongoing settler‐colonial project of separating Indigenous people from their land base. The article focuses on the explicitly “private” nature of the land under examination and how this is central to the strategies of investors, the state's deregulation of forest policies, and the marginalization of First Nations' claims to land. The article demonstrates that in settler contexts, discussions of fixes need to be much more attentive to the historic and enduring colonial threads woven through investments in land.     

Sustainable agricultural intensification in forest frontier areas

The Lore Lindu region in Indonesia—as in many forest frontier areas in Southeast Asia—has experienced rapid deforestation due to agricultural expansion in the uplands, at the forest margins. This has resulted in aggravated problems of erosion and water availability, threatening agricultural productivity growth. At the same time, technical progress is promoting agricultural intensification in the lowlands. In this article, we examine how improved technologies for paddy rice cultivation in the lowlands have affected agricultural expansion and deforestation in the uplands. The question of a “forest‐saving” or “forest‐clearing” effect related to technical innovation is important from a sustainable development perspective and remains a controversial issue in the literature. We address this question for the Lore Lindu region with an empirical model in which expansion in the lowlands and the uplands is estimated simultaneously. We use data from an extensive village survey conducted in the region, combined with GIS data. To guide the empirical analysis, we develop a theoretical framework based on a Chayanov‐type agricultural household model. The model analyzes farmers' land allocation decisions, taking into account the lowland–upland dichotomy in the agricultural sector. The empirical findings, corroborated by the analytically derived results, show how technical progress for lowland production affects land use at the forest margins and how these effects depend on the factor‐intensity of the technology. The findings imply specific rural development policies for sustainable agricultural intensification in forest frontier areas.     

Deprived land-use intensification in shifting cultivation: the population pressure hypothesis revisited

This article provides a theoretical framework, based on optimal control theory, to analyze farm households' land‐use intensification decisions in forest‐based shifting cultivation (slash‐and‐burn) agroecosystems. The main results from the analysis generally coincide with the “Population Pressure Hypothesis” (PPH) as an important driver of soil degradation due to the so‐called “fallow crisis” or “deprived land‐use intensification” in shifting cultivation. However, the model also shows, from a supply perspective, that such a vicious circle of lower yields and greater forest land clearing may be avoided when the production elasticity of on‐farm labor outweighs the elasticity of substitution between farm labor and soil fertility. Furthermore, using data from shifting cultivating households from Yucatán, Mexico, we calibrate the effect of changes in population density. The numerical analysis suggests that by contrast to better‐off households, when population density increases, poorer shifting cultivating households' optimal labor allocation strategy is to further extensify land use by clearing more forest in the village common property land, or ejido land.     

基于马尔柯夫模型的酒泉市肃州区LUCC趋势预测

甘肃省酒泉市近年来经济发展迅速,但生态环境也遭到一定程度的破坏;拟通过对其土地利用和覆盖变化的研究,为环境保护与经济协调发展提供决策支持;依据肃州区1988～2000年土地利用变更调查数据,对该区域LUCC进行分析,确定了土地利用类型的转移概率矩阵,并用马尔柯夫链模型预测了该区LUCC趋势。结果表明,肃州区土地利用将呈现耕地、水域和建设用地增加,林地、草地和未利用土地减少的发展趋势。     

基于GIS的云南保山西庄山地流域土地利用变化研究

对1982,1991,1998年云南保山西庄山地流域土地利用图利用GIS技术进行了处理,分析了土地利用程度变化值和土地利用动态度。结果显示:西庄河流域土地利用以林地为主;林地、灌草地和耕地相互转换最为频繁,年变化率分别为6.94%、4.75%和2.99%;茶园的变化最小;综合土地利用变化动态度为1.91%;在土地利用方式的变化中,国家政策是最强有力的影响因子,相反,人口增长没有直接影响到土地利用变化。