中国石油企业“走出去”的风险及其规避

中国石油企业“走出去”,既有国内政治因素的考量,也有企业经济利益的驱动。国家石油公司的“走出去”虽然已取得较大成绩,但也积累了巨大经营风险,其现行模式难以持续。为了实现中国石油企业更健康地“走出去”,首要的是在国内放松管制、鼓励竞争。一方面应促进市场参与者实力的均等化,鼓励国有石油公司把经营重心更多地转向国外,努力成为国际化的石油公司;另一方面,要给民营石油企业更多发展空间,以利于其“走出去”参与国际竞争。     

房地产项目红线外供电设施投资的界定

分析了广东省房地产开发项目中,红线外供电设施投资的现状和相关政策,指出了这种投资管理模式的弊端,提出了建立"谁受益,谁投资"的供电设施投资体制设想,即城市电网的投资建设完全由电网公司负责,政府和用户只负责缴纳电费,电网公司通过收取电费回收其投资.     

Growth of the Korean semiconductor industry and its competitive strategy in the world market

This paper examines the growth process by which the semiconductor industry in Korea has developed, the reasons for its remarkable growth, and the competitive strategy it has recently been pursuing to maintain its competitive edge in the world semiconductor market. The Korean semiconductor industry started from off-assembly by foreign firms in the mid-1960s and has progressed to self-development of 4M dynamic random access memory and mass production of various frontier very large scale integrated circuits, going, in turn, through embryonic, transitional, take-off and expansion, and self-supportive stages. The possession of skilled, inexpensive human resources, the given size of the domestic market, the strong commitment of entrepreneurs with large investment capability, private firms' appropriate selection and expansion of suitable business scope for its technological capability, and aggressive investment in research and development (R&D) and production facilities, together with government subsidies in R&D and manpower training and coordination of collaborative research among private firms, have facilitated the growth of the Korean semiconductor industry and enhanced its competitive position in the world semiconductor market.     

Firms,shareholders, and financial markets

We study the influence of the financial market on the decisions of firms in the real market. To that end, we present a model in which the shareholders’ portfolio selection of assets and the decisions of the publicly traded firms are integrated through the market process. Financial access alters the objective function of the firms, and the market interaction of shareholders substantially influences firms’ behavior in the real sector. After characterizing the unique equilibrium, we show that the financial sector integrates the preferences of all shareholders into the decisions for production and ownership structure. The participation from investors in the financial market also limits the firms’ ability to manipulate real prices, i.e., there is a loss of market power in the real sector. Note that, while the loss of market power changes expected profits, it is not detrimental to shareholders since the expected return of equity share depends on the variance (and not the mean) of profits. Indeed, any change in expected profits is absorbed by the financial price. We also show that financial access increases production, thereby altering the distribution of profits. In particular, financial access induces firms to take on more risk. Finally, financial access makes the relationship between risk-aversion and risk-taking ambiguous. For example, it is possible that an increase in risk-aversion leads to more risk-taking, i.e., the variance of real profits increases.     

从价格战走向合作竞争——基于博弈的我国汽车行业分析

面对目前国内汽车市场的激烈竞争,各个汽车生产厂家不停地在进行价格战,汽车行业是不是只有通过价格战才能够在市场上取胜?是否还有更好的策略来避免价格战来增加企业的利润呢?本文将通过博弈理论对这一问题进行分析。     

An Empirical Examination of Foreign Exchange Market Efficiency: Applying the Filter Rule Strategy to Intra-Daily DM/$ Exchange Rates

Testing the existence of excess filter rule trading profits is one of the weak-form tests of market efficiency. Using intra-daily Deutsche mark/U.S. dollar exchange rate data from February 1985 to August 1989, this study applies the x' statistic in Sweeney (1986) to examine whether significant excess filter rule profits exist. The results show that many combinations of in and out filters generate significant x' statistics. Among them, in and out filters around 0.05–0.1 % generally lead to the highest excess filter rule profit. Furthermore, the performance of the filters remains stable when the sample period is broken down into three equal subperiods. Such findings indicate that there may be inefficiency in the intra-daily Deutsche mark/U.S. dollar market. An investor may earn excess profit in this market by applying the filter rule strategy.     

Estimation of market power in the presence of firm level inefficiencies

“The quiet life hypothesis” (QLH) by Hicks (1935) argues that, due to management’s subjective cost of reaching optimal profits, firms use their market power to allow inefficient allocation of resources. Increasing competitive pressure is therefore likely to force management to work harder to reach optimal profits. Another hypothesis, which also relates market power to efficiency is “the efficient structure hypothesis” (ESH) by Demsetz (1973). ESH argues that firms with superior efficiencies or technologies have lower costs and therefore higher profits. These firms are assumed to gain larger market shares which lead to higher concentration. Ignoring the efficiency levels of the firms in a market power model might cause both estimation and interpretation problems. Unfortunately, the literature on market power measurement largely ignores this relationship. In the context of a dynamic setting, we estimate the market power of US airlines in two city-pairs by both allowing inefficiencies of the firms and not allowing inefficiencies of the firms. Using industry level cost data, we estimate the cost function parameters and time-varying efficiencies. An instrumental variables version of the square root Kalman filter is used to estimate time-varying conduct parameters.     

A game theoretic approach to optimize multi-stakeholder utilities for land acquisition negotiations with informality

To combat the critical stresses of rising urbanization, the government acquires land from private owners using the power of eminent domain. This land assembly causes negative externalities such as increasing social tension and injustice that may impose a long-term threat to stability and sustainable development. Therefore, there is a need to make the land acquisition process more transparent and just. Considering the unique Indian context where informality has a strong presence, we propose an approach based on game theory that models the bargain through a three-stage Nash equilibrium game. Four agents – the government, the private developer, the landowner, and the free rider – are considered. We provide conditional solutions for the generalizable Case and proceed to model different stakeholder behavior patterns through two utility functional forms – linear and exponential. In the linear case, we find that the free rider obtains half of the revenue of the project, whereas the landowner gains between one-fourth and one-half of the revenue. Thus, we highlight the undeniably crucial role free riders play in land acquisition negotiations. However, closed form solutions cannot be obtained for the exponential form, due to which we use simulations to demonstrate a solution procedure. We conclude by stating that the proposed model can be useful in formulating future land policies in a sustainable and inclusive manner, with optimal utility derivations for all concerned stakeholders. Our model can also be extended to other spatial contexts where informality features heavily in the land market, especially in the Global South.     

韩国住房市场中的政府干预

回顾了韩国住房市场政府干预的背景,总结了其政策目标、政策工具及政府干预的框架体系.     

Controlling Corporate Power in China: Case Studies of Seed Companies and Water Distribution

In the course of China's economic transition, the government set up a policy goal to gradually withdraw from the market, while, at the same time, increasing the intensity of anti‐corruption actions. This article reviews the development of Chinese modern corporations and corresponding policy changes. The development and expansion of modern corporations as a result of reforms that occurred after 1978 reveals the government's decision not to fully withdraw from the market. When private companies are allowed to pursue maximum profits, especially in areas of public resources and services, society and the environment suffer severe negative consequences. Case studies of corporate control of seed companies and water utilities demonstrate in detail the damage caused by privatization. In order to protect the interests of society from corruption, government must concentrate on reducing the rent‐seeking behavior of corporations and collusion between businesses and government officials. The Chinese government's fight against corruption in recent years has been based on its market involvement, as well as on its determination to confine the power of corporations, which is a tough game.     

Monopsonistic competition for the “best” workers

In this paper we analyse an economy where firms use labour as the only production factor, with constant return to scale. We suppose that jobs differ in their non-wage characteristics so each firm has monopsonistic power. In particular, we suppose that workers are heterogeneous with respect to their productivity. Then, each firm has incentives to offer higher wages in order to recruit the most productive workers. Competition among firms leads to a symmetric equilibrium wage, which is higher than the reservation wage, and to involuntary unemployment for the less productive workers, who are willing to work at the current wage but are not hired because their productivity is lower than the wage level. If firms have no institutional constraint on paying lower wages for the same job, an endogenous labour market segmentation emerges.     

Exchange rates, tax-subsidy schemes, and the revenue from foreign trade in a centrally planned economy

Conclusions It has been argued that while in the traditional analysis of the classic CPE the exchange rate has only an accounting function, inappropriate methods of national income accounting can lead to changes in the exchange rate generating changes in the real economy, provided that trade in unbalanced in foreign currency prices. This thesis was explored by examining the way the profits from foreign trade were calculated by the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and then transferred to the state budget. It was shown that the correct measure of the state's increased command over domestic resources from engaging in foreign trade, derived from the implicit taxes on that sector, was the ministry's profits on its domestic operations, the first term in (2). However, evidence was presented which suggested that its profits on foreign currency account measured in domestic currency, the second term in (2), were also passed over to the state budget. This implies that transferred profits from foreign trade will overstate the underlying command over resources when there is a balance of payments surplus, and understate them when there is a deficit. The consequence of this is that the domestic economy faces a series of erratic, though small, inflationary and deflationary impulses, regardless of changes in the exchange rate.The theoretical role of the preisausleich system was explored in some detail and it was argued that, although the system has been designed to insulate the domestic economy from external disturbances, there were clear reasons why it had come to play a major part in revenue raising. Specifically, it is administratively convenient to tax resources at their point of entry into or exit from the economy; the taxation of foreign trade widens the tax base and reduces the visibility of the tax system. But, of course, this grafting onto the preisausgleich of a second major function of revenue raising does lead to the development of a further channel through which external disturbances can pass into the domestic economy. That is external disturbances impact on the domestic economy not only through the production and welfare effects of changing exports and imports, and through whatever tenuous links are allowed between foreign and domestic prices, but also insofar as those disturbances affect the ministry's profits from foreign trade. In short, foreign economic disturbances show up in variations in the position of the non-inflationary government budget constraint. To that extent the second function of the preisausgleich impairs its ability to perform its original insulation function. In a minor way, the successful non-inflationary performance of the insulation function has always required adjustments in the government budget constraint. But the growth in the importance of foreign trade taxation has magnified the importance of this phenomenon, and led to a trade-off between the two functions.University of Bath. Initial research for this paper was carried out under ESRC grant HRP 7417/1.     

精益生产管理在水力发电企业中运用的探讨

随着电力市场化的进程,竞争日益激烈,发电企业要不断提高效率,增强企业竞争力,逐步向市场化过渡。作为在众多行业成功应用的精益生产管理,正是通过对企业自身成本控制来实现利润最大化和成本最低化的。本文探讨了在发电企业中,精益生产管理在运营维护、设备检修、协作管理、风险管理的运用。精益生产管理就是一种致力于不断优化企业自身管理的理论与方法,是对发电企业生产走集约型道路的有效指导。     

浅谈工程投标管理

随着外资建筑企业的加入,国内建筑市场竞争日趋激烈。企业在市场竞争中除了依靠自身的综合实力外,投标管理对于能否中标使利润最大化,起着至关重要的作用。本文以投标工作为核心,从投标组织、费用控制、注意事项等三个方面,结合作者的工作经验,论证了国内施工企业所应采取的主要措施,以适应和搞好新形势下的投标工作。     

Analysis of standard vocabulary use of the open government data: the case of the public data portal of Korea

Quality & Quantity - Open data is an important element in a variety of new industries, such as artificial intelligence and smart cities. While the South Korean government is continuously...     

Is the environment‐friendly factor attractive to customers when purchasing electric vehicles? Evidence from South Korea

In a bid to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, several countries worldwide are implementing policies to promote electric vehicles (EVs). However, contrary to expectations, the diffusion speed of EVs has been rather slow in South Korea. This study analyzes consumer preferences for the technological and environmental attributes of EVs and derives policy and environmental implications to promote market diffusion of EVs in South Korea. We conduct a choice‐based conjoint survey of 1,008 consumers in South Korea and estimate the consumer utility function using a mixed logit model considering consumer heterogeneity. Based on the consumer utility function, we analyze consumers' willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for EV attributes such as driving range, charging method, charging time, autonomous driving function, carbon dioxide (CO₂) reduction rate, and purchase price. The results indicate that the current low acceptance of EVs is due to their relatively high price and lack of a battery charging technology that satisfies consumers' expectations of the charging method and time. One interesting finding is that Korean consumers have a relatively higher WTP for the CO₂ reduction rate of EVs than consumers in other countries; however, they do not consider CO₂ reduction over other technological attributes when choosing EVs. This implies that the rate of CO₂ reduction of EVs is not an important factor for South Korean consumers when buying EVs. We also calculate the effect of CO₂ reduction with the market penetration of EVs and find that CO₂ reduction through the diffusion of EVs depends on the country's electricity generation mix.     

我国银行业渐进式开放市场上的贸易保护主义政策

入世后我国要全面开放银行服务市场,但目前国内银行与外国银行相比仍有很大的差距,这就迫切要求政府一方面要保持银行服务市场总体对外开放,另一方面又要根据本国经济利益的需要,对其实行局部保护。本文通过对发生在本国渐进式开放市场上的国内银行和外国银行寡头竞争的分析,探讨了本国政府通过制定贸易保护主义政策来提高国内银行的国际竞争力,从而达到保护国内银行业的目的。     

International recruitment and selection practices of South Korean multinationals in China

South Korean multinational enterprises (MNEs) have developed rapidly since the late 1950s. However, there is little research on, and hence little is known about, how South Korean MNEs manage human resources in overseas operations. To fill this gap, in the literature the current study investigates South Korean MNEs' international recruitment and selection policies and practices in their Chinese operations. It reveals that South Korean MNEs tend to adopt the polycentric approach or a mixed approach of being polycentric and ethnocentric to international staffing, with the number of expatriates dropping gradually over time. South Korean MNEs adopt ‘one-way selection’ in recruiting and selecting expatriates, and localise recruitment procedures and selection criteria for host-country nationals. South Korean MNEs have paid inadequate attention to: first, expatriates' career development; and second, personal and family issues emerging from expatriation and repatriation.     

Do Institutionalized Traditions Matter During Crisis? Employee Downsizing in Korean Manufacturing Organizations

This study examines the downfall of the permanent employment tradition in South Korean manufacturing organizations in the aftermath of the 1997 East Asian economic crisis. We explore whether organizations abandon their traditional institutionalized practices under discontinuous environmental change or despite the change continue these time‐honoured practices. We examine both the organizational factors that inhibit lay‐offs and performance indicators that trigger organizations to re‐evaluate their lifetime employment practices under drastic environmental upheaval. We test our hypotheses on 574 Korean manufacturing organizations and find that under discontinuous change: (1) economic and institutional factors simultaneously apply opposite forces on organizational actions; (2) organizational factors such as poor performance on productivity and export create a need for headcount reductions while factors such as size, domestic ownership, government support, and unionization create social and institutional pressures that inhibit downsizing; and (3) prior experience with downsizing moderates the relationship between institutional factors and further downsizing.     

韩国灾难管理体系研究——从“岁月”号事故看韩国灾难管理系统及政策

本篇文章探讨韩国灾难管理体系并分析体系内存在的问题,探索未来的灾难体系发展方向。并希望灾难频发的中国政府也能够借鉴韩国灾难管理体系,探索制定灾难政策的发展方向。