澳大利亚反倾销政策及其特点探析

澳大利亚是世界上第二个制定反倾销政策的国家,其反倾销政策具有自身的特点。同时,在反倾销实践中,澳大利亚被称为全球四大传统反倾销用户之一,而中国则成为澳大利亚实施反倾销政策的首要目标国。本文从澳大利亚的反倾销管理体制出发,分析了澳大利亚反倾销政策的主要内容,进而考察了澳大利亚反倾销政策及其实践的特点。     

墨西哥反倾销政策及其特点探析

本文从墨西哥的反倾销管理体制出发,分析了墨西哥反倾销政策的主要内容,进而考察了墨西哥反倾销政策及其实践的特点及原因。     

WTO成立以来日本的反倾销摩擦及其特点分析

日本是世界上最早实施反倾销制度的国家之一。然而,自WTO成立以来,在美国和欧盟等发达国家或地区纷纷采用反倾销手段保护本国产业、国际反倾销摩擦愈演愈烈的大背景下,同为发达国家的日本却很少对外国进口产品发起反倾销调查,相反,日本却是世界上遭受反倾销调查最多的国家之一。因此,WTO成立以来日本的反倾销摩擦具有不同于其他国家尤其是发达国家的特点。本文从WTO成立以来日本对国外进口产品发起的反倾销调查和实施的反倾销措施以及日本出口产品遭受的国外反倾销调查和反倾销措施等方面,对日本反倾销摩擦做了实证分析,进而探讨了这一时期日本反倾销摩擦的特点及其成因,并相应提出了对中国有益的政策建议。     

倾销的经济学和法学研究

在国际经济加速一体化的当今世界，反倾销已成了各国保护本国工业、规避世界贸易组织贸易保护条款的一大利器。本文从经济学和法学的角度，研究了倾销的认定和倾销的成因，倾销行为以及反倾销规则，从而对完善我国的反倾销立法以及企业的反倾诉讼具有现实的指导意义。     

入世后我国企业应利用反倾销武器保护自身利益

入世后 ,我国取得了平等竞争的外部环境。我们在履行承诺的同时 ,要拿起反倾销的武器来勇敢地保护自身的利益。要培养一批反倾销的队伍 ;尽快树立法律维权意识 ;增加我国外贸政策的透明度 ,促使一些国家修改对我国反倾销政策。     

倾销与反倾销的经济学分析

本文从经济学的角度对倾销和反倾销进行了分析，认为倾销并非都是不公平贸易行为，有些情况下是一种商业策略。各国制定反倾销措施时，应认真考虑其成本和收益，慎重使用反倾销政策。滥用反倾销措施会成为新的贸易保护主义壁垒，降低进口国和全世界的福利。     

反倾销涉诉产品成本核算的研究

应对国际反倾销与倾销需要有一个会计举证的诉讼支持，这就需要建立反倾销会计，而反倾销产品成本的核算在会计举证中尤为重要。本文就反倾销涉诉产品成本的构成、成本核算的基础以及核算过程中应注意的问题加以探讨，为我国企业反倾销迅速应诉提供有利的会计证据。     

中国企业：直面反倾销

２００１年对于向美国出口的中国钢铁产品来说，是一个不容乐观的新世纪之初。元旦前后，美国国际贸易委员会宣布，初步裁定我国宝钢、鞍钢、武钢、安钢、本钢以及莱钢等六家钢铁公司生产的热轧钢为“对美倾销”。 据ＷＴＯ 倾销委员会统计，１９８９年到１９９９年间，针对中国产品的反倾销调查有２４７起，其中１５８起裁定为倾销成立，占世界总量的１５．３％；裁定率高达６４％，位居榜首。中国已成为反倾销政策的最大受害国。随着中国入世的到来，我国企业和欧美国家之间的倾销与反倾销矛盾将进一步激化，如何利用ＷＴＯ的有关法律武器…     

浅析外国对华倾销与反倾销

在当今国际贸易领域,许多国家特别是西方发达国家一方面极力倡导自由贸易,其出口产品以低价在他国倾销,另一方面又竭力利用WTO反倾销的有关规定并通过国内反倾销立法的不断完善来保护本国的贸易和工业利益.我国自从1978年遭遇欧盟对我国出口的糖精和盐类进行的反倾销调查以来,每年国外对我国出口产品提起的反倾销调查呈急剧上升趋势.甚至于进入20世纪90年代,西方国家将反倾销的矛头主要指向中国,这严重地影响了我国对外贸易的发展,反倾销已成为中国产品出口的"拦路虎",因而值得重视与研究.     

反倾销政策与研发竞争

借助异质产品的Bertrand双寡头模型,本文分析了一国反倾销政策对该国企业和外国企业的研发、产品价格及社会福利的影响。研究结论表明:与自由贸易相比,当产品的差异度较小时,受反倾销政策保护的企业会策略性地利用反倾销政策而退出国外市场,减少研发投入,进而提高产品价格,而遭受反倾销政策约束的外国企业由于其研发投入的边际收入增加,因而会增加研发投入,降低产品价格。此外,反倾销政策的存在还有可能促进各国社会福利的提升。     

Trade Destruction and Trade Diversion: Evidence from China

Over the past three decades, we have seen a dramatic increase in the incidence of temporary trade barriers such as antidumping duties and countervailing duties. China has been at the receiving end of a large number of such measures. In this paper, we study how China's exports to its major trade partners have been affected when its major trade partners have used these measures either against China or against other countries. We find that Chinese exports to the country that imposed an antidumping duty decreased by approximately 35 percent. At the same time, an antidumping duty used by the importing country that was directed towards other countries but not against China led to an approximate 30‐percent increase in China's exports to the policy‐imposing country. These results remain robust across various specifications. Our findings have important policy implications. In particular, the magnitude of these effects highlights why it is important to curb the recent widespread use of these barriers.     

U.S. current account debate with Japan then,with China now

This paper examines two U.S. current account deficit episodes, one in the 1980s and the other in the current 2000s, in which Japan and China, respectively, are the current account surplus countries that are criticized for contributing to the deficits. In both periods, U.S. policy makers pointed out the underdeveloped and closed financial markets of the current account surplus countries and advocated for these countries to fix the deficiencies, a position akin to the current “saving glut” argument. In both episodes, the current account surplus countries have criticized the United States for its low saving, especially public saving (the “Twin Deficit” argument). This paper presents empirical findings that are consistent with the Twin Deficit hypothesis; A one percentage point increase in the budget balance raises the current account balance by 0.10–0.49 percentage point for industrialized countries. The saving glut argument seems to be applicable only for countries with highly developed legal systems and open financial markets. While the United States has been experiencing a savings drought in both episodes, the Japanese current account surplus was driven by underinvestment in the 1980s and by over-saving during the 2000s. Furthermore, although the current Chinese current account surplus is driven by its over-saving, there is no evidence of excess domestic saving in the Asian emerging market countries; rather, they seem to have suffered from depressed investment in the wake of the 1997 financial crises.     

日美贸易摩擦中的美国“对日修正主义”研究

20世纪80年代中后期产生的日本异质论及美国"对日修正主义"是日美经贸摩擦延伸至体制领域的重要表现。它既是冷战结束前后国际政治格局变化和美国国内政治气候变迁的产物,又具有深刻的学术和舆论背景。美国"对日修正主义"者从资本主义发展模式的差异、日本政治经济体制及其相应政策手段的特殊性、美国对日贸易策略等三个方面阐述了其理论观点,在美国舆论界、学术界和决策层中产生了巨大的影响。     

Macro Economic Determinants of Antidumping: A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries

This study examines how macro factors influence the use of antidumping in developed and developing countries. A panel data analysis of 99 countries over 1980–2000 reinforces the view that the primary jurisdiction for the antidumping law is really more political than economic. Furthermore, it suggests that once the WTO is fully enforced, the use of antidumping will spread among developing countries not only due to greater liberalization pressures but also as many countries would like to create an antidumping ability so as to counter its use against them. This may reverse the trade gains that liberalization may ensure to them. This paper thus calls for the granting of the special and differential treatment to developing countries in this provision. Finally, based on its findings, the paper argues that future negotiations should be directed toward revising safeguard rules and replacing antidumping by this new clause.     

Does antidumping stimulate FDI? Evidence from Japanese firms in the UK

Does Antidumping Stimulate FDI? Evidence from Japanese Firms in the UK. — This paper explores which factors influence the number of Japanese firms in the UK and the level of employment and fixed assets in those firms, at a highly disaggregated sector level. We are interested in whether trade policy has had a role to play in the entry and expansion of Japanese firms. The results give some support to the hypothesis that antidumping action has acted as an incentive for Japanese direct investment in the UK. However, it has a relatively modest effect —antidumping cases can explain a maximum of 8 per cent of the expansion in employment by existing Japanese firms in the UK, while they appear to have no influence on the arrival of new firms.     

日本对中印投资战略调整研究——政治经济因素探析

近年来,印度经济的异军突起不仅引起了国际学术界广泛的关注,而且也促动了美日等发达国家对外经济战略的转变和调整。尤其是中日之间异常的"政冷经热"导致日本把投资目标转向印度,从而已经呈现出"经热转凉"的新态势,值得我们深思。比较进入新世纪后日本企业对中印两国投资战略的调整,可以探究日本企业投资由中国转向印度的政治经济原因及其经济效应,有助于掌握日本企业对外投资战略新趋势,为中国今后引进外资提供理论依据。     

Bilateralism and Regionalism in Japanese and U.S. Trade and Direct Foreign Investment Patterns

We apply a modified "gravity model" incorporating measures of factor endowments to analyze Japanese and U.S. bilateral trade flows and direct foreign investment positions with a sample of around 100 countries for the period 1985–1990. Country features that our analysis takes into account are population, income, the land–labor ratio, the average level of education, and region. We find that features of a country associated with more trade with either Japan or the United States also tend to be associated with more direct foreign investment (DFI) from Japan or the United States. U.S. economic relations with Japan and Western Europe provide an important exception. Despite U.S. concern about its trade deficit with Japan, we find Japan to be much more open to the United States, not only as a source of imports, but also as a destination for U.S. exports than most countries in Western Europe. Taking other factors into account, however, Western Europe is more open to U.S. direct foreign investment. We also find that a country′s level of education tends to increase significantly U.S. interaction of all types with that country, even after correcting for per capita income. Education does not play a significant role in Japanese trade patterns. As factor endowment theory would predict, the United States tends to trade more with densely populated countries, while Japan tends to import more from sparsely populated countries. Even after taking into account population, income, factor endowments, and region, there is a substantial degree of "bilateralism" in Japanese and U.S. economic relationships in that the residual correlation among exports, imports, and outward direct foreign investment is much larger than would be the case if these magnitudes were independent across countries. J. Japan. Int. Econ. December 1994, 8(4), pp. 478–510. Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.     

Antidumping and tariff Jumping: Japanese firms’ DFI in the European union and the United States

Antidumping and Tariff Jumping: Japanese Firms’ DFI in the European Union and the United States. — The relationship between EU and US antidumping measures and direct foreign investment (DFI) is examined through a micro-econometrical analysis of Japanese firms’ plant establishments in the electronics industry. After controlling for firm and industry capabilities, market size, transport cost, and product cycle effects, antidumping actions are found to have a substantial positive effect on Japanese DFL EU antidumping is roughly twice as likely to lead to tariffjumping DFI as US antidumping, which is ascribed to marked differences in antidumping procedures. Tariff jumping makes antidumping ineffective in combatting anticompetitive behaviour by foreign firms and may result in increased market concentration.