政府培训、技术认知与农户生态农业技术采纳行为——以稻虾共养技术为例

[目的]农户作为生态农业技术最直接的采纳者,其对生态农业技术有着独立的选择权,农户是否采纳生态农业技术直接影响到该技术的推广效率。稻虾共养技术实现了水稻种植和小龙虾养殖相协调,该技术符合生态农业技术的要求。因此,文章以稻虾共养技术为例,通过分析江苏省和湖北省稻虾共养技术推广情况,以期提高农户对稻虾共养技术的采纳行为,并重点从政府培训、农户技术认知、农户个体特征、家庭经营特征和社会网络等五方面研究其对农户采纳稻虾共养技术的影响。[方法]运用二元Logistic模型和Bootstrap方法,基于江苏省和湖北省共612份农户的微观调研数据,实证分析了政府培训、技术认知对农户稻虾共养技术采纳行为的影响及其内在作用机制。[结果](1)政府培训次数和政府培训有效性对农户稻虾共养技术采纳行为有显著的正向影响,政府培训及时性对农户稻虾共养技术采纳行为的影响效果不显著;(2)其内在作用机制主要体现在,政府培训有效性可以提高农户技术认知水平,降低其技术应用风险,最终促使农户产生技术采纳行为;(3)户主是否村干部、是否加入合作社等对农户采纳稻虾共养技术有显著的正向影响,而户主年龄和耕地块数对其技术采纳行为有显著的负向影响。[结论]政府培训能够提高农户对生态农业技术的采纳行为,并且政府通过技术培训,可以提高农户对生态农业技术的认知,进而对农户技术采纳行为产生显著的正向影响。     

收入质量对农户秸秆还田技术自觉采纳行为的影响——基于有调节的中介效应分析

目的 农户采纳秸秆还田技术的自觉行为是加强农业生态环境建设以及提高农业可持续发展能力的关键步骤之一,文章以农户的政策认知作为中介变量,信息获取能力为调节变量,探究收入质量对农户自觉采纳秸秆还田技术的作用路径。方法 基于湖北省654份农户调研数据,运用熵值法和Bootstrap有调节的中介检验方法探讨收入质量对农户秸秆还田技术自觉采纳行为的影响机理。结果 （1）收入质量对农户秸秆还田技术自觉采纳行为有显著的正向影响,相比于收入质量较低的农户,拥有高水平收入质量的农户更加自觉地采纳秸秆还田技术;（2）在收入质量对农户秸秆还田技术自觉采纳行为的影响过程中,政策认知发挥着正向中介作用,信息获取能力正向调节收入质量通过政策认知影响农户自觉采纳秸秆还田技术的间接效应。结论 政府应该多措并举,促进农户收入水平高质量增长;强化政策宣传教育,提升农户生态环保认知;扩宽农户信息获取渠道,提高信息整合能力,从而进一步加快实现农民富和农村美的协调统一。     

Are farmers ‘efficient but poor’? The impact of crop choices on technical efficiency and poverty in Nigeria

We test the ‘efficient-but-poor’ hypothesis by estimating the determinants of smallholders' choice over cash or food crops and whether their crop choice affects technical efficiency and poverty using the national household panel data in Nigeria. We employ the stochastic frontier analyses correcting for sample selection about farmers' crop choice. Our results indicate that smallholders are generally efficient in their resource allocations. A treatment effects model is employed to estimate farmers' crop choice in the first stage and the impact of their choices on technical efficiency and poverty outcomes in the second stage. The results show that farmers' access to free inputs, non-farm income and the use of seeds from the previous growing season are important determinants of crop choice. The adoption of cash crops by food-crop producing households will not generally reduce poverty, although it will improve technical efficiency marginally. However, if cash crops are commercialised, poverty tends to decline.     

The disappearance of water buffalo from agrarian landscapes in Western China

For centuries, water buffalo served important livelihood functions for ethnic minority farmers in Southwest China. Yet, over the past decade, buffalo ownership decreased dramatically in our research sites in Yunnan province. This transition occurred after state policies and projects excluded villagers from significant portions of their land. Increased state control over landscapes allowed the state to respatialize land uses in ways conducive to productivist and environmentalist logics, with farmers cultivating cash crops on limited production landscapes and state agencies taking over control of larger environmental landscapes. Buffalo are welcome in neither setting. Handai and Akha farmers have divergent perceptions on the outcomes of these technological shifts, with Handai beginning to question buffalo loss while Akha having contented to become “modern” farmers. In both cases, our analysis challenges the literatures on sustainability transitions and ecological modernization that posit apolitical and optimistic outcomes for farmers' adoption of “modern” and “green” technologies.     

资源禀赋对农户黑土地保护行为的影响研究

目的 国家高度重视东北黑土地保护与利用问题，明晰农户黑土地保护行为影响因素是用好养好黑土地的重要议题。文章旨在探讨资源禀赋对农户黑土地保护行为的影响，从资源禀赋视角推动农户黑土地保护行为。方法 基于黑龙江省兰西县312份经营农户调研数据，运用二元及多元有序Logistics模型，探究人力资源、自然资源、经济资源、社会资源及信息资源等资源禀赋对农户黑土地保护行为影响。结果 农户是否采用黑土地保护技术受人力资源禀赋（黑土地保护责任义务认知、黑土地保护收益预期），自然资源禀赋（自有承包地面积、是否签订承包合同、是否转入黑土地、经营黑土地细碎化程度），经济资源禀赋（农业收入、家庭总收入），社会资源禀赋（是否加入合作社、是否参与土地托管）和信息资源禀赋（政府是否宣传黑土地保护政策、是否为中心村）的显著正向影响；上述因素除黑土地保护收益预期、自有承包地面积、是否转入黑土地、经营黑土地细碎化程度、农业收入、是否为中心村外均对农户黑土地保护技术采纳程度具有显著正向影响。结论 为更好地推动农户黑土地保护行为，应强化农户黑土地保护“责、权、利”认识，提高农业收益预期；进一步稳定承包权，建立健全土地经营权流转市场；因地制宜发展黑土区特色产业，切实提升农户家庭收入；支持多元主体协同发展，推进黑土地保护工程；发挥中心村信息资源优势，多渠道开展黑土地保护政策宣传。     

基于分布式认知理论的农户保护性耕作技术采纳行为及其影响因素研究

研究目的：基于分布式认知理论，揭示影响农户保护性耕作技术采纳行为的因素及其规律，为制定促进和推广保护性耕作技术的政策提供参考依据。研究方法：从“个人力、地域力、文化力”三个层次构建影响农户保护性耕作技术采纳决策行为理论分析框架，利用辽宁省典型地区农户调查数据构建Heckman两阶段选择模型，定量分析各因素在农户是否采纳保护性耕作技术和采纳程度两个阶段中的影响机制。研究结果：（1）较多农户已采纳保护性耕作技术，但在采纳程度上差异明显；（2）农户的家庭资源禀赋条件即务农人数、耕地资源、收入来源在一定程度上制约了保护性耕作技术采纳行为，而农户的从众心理、信息获取渠道、政策满意度能够在物质与精神“双重”补偿，使其获得“安全感”，克服风险规避心理，从而促使技术采纳行为；（3）与第一阶段不同，农户保护性耕作技术采纳程度受“个人力”影响效应减弱，而受到“地域力”和“文化力”影响更加显著。研究结论：政府应从制定最优技术组合、加快推进农村教育、加强配套设施建设和完善政策扶持机制等方面采取措施，促进和推广农户采纳保护性耕作技术。     

Export Crop Marketing in Tropical Africa

Abstract

Recent developments at the consumer and at the farm level have resulted in a renewed interest in short market channels for fresh food. This paper focuses on consumer valuation of purchasing fresh food from short channels in general and on differences between two distinct types of short channel initiatives, i.e., farmers' markets and food teams as examples of supply- and demand-side driven initiatives respectively. The research methodology builds on the Means-End-Chain theory. Data are collected through laddering interviews with 100 respondents. The general hierarchical value map largely supports classical theories of value structures. “Security” is the predominant value type with “Health” as the major value. Further, a distinct “Hedonism” and “Universalism” cluster are discovered, with the first being built on the attribute “Freshness,” the consequence “Taste” and the value “Pleasure,” and the latter including environmental, animal welfare and regional development concerns. Specific motivation structures dealing with farmers' markets versus food teams are reported. Recommendations pertain to organizational and marketing issues, more specifically product positioning, innovation and communication based on the revealed Means-End-Chains or motivational structures.     

环境规制、生态认知对农户有机肥采纳行为影响研究

目的 文章利用河南省滑县503个农户的调查数据，来研究环境规制、生态认知对农户有机肥采纳行为的影响，从而更好地引导农户采纳绿色生产行为。方法 运用Logistic模型来分析环境规制、生态认知对农户有机肥采纳行为的影响，并运用中介效应来分析生态认知在环境规制影响农户有机肥技术采纳行为中所发挥的作用。结果 （1）环境规制、生态认知对农户有机肥采纳行为均具有促进作用，环境规制中的引导规制、激励规制会促进农户采纳有机肥行为，而生态认知中的生态环境污染感知、农田保护责任意识和化肥减量认知正向影响着农户有机肥采纳行为；（2）环境规制中的约束规制未显著，说明目前的环境规制存在“相对性制度失灵”，尤其在约束农户行为方面的效果较差；（3）生态认知在环境规制影响农户有机肥采纳行为中起中介效应。结论 基于当前以环境规制为主的治理背景下，政府相关部门不仅要继续增强环境规制对农户行为的约束，也要发挥好农户生态认知在环境规制影响农户行为中的作用，从而推动农村生态环境和经济效益得到较好的发展。     

Does crop insurance influence agrochemical uses under current Chinese situations? A case study in the Manasi watershed,Xinjiang

Government subsidy to crop insurance has been advocated as a policy alternative to support growth of agricultural production and farmers' income in China since the country joined the WTO. However, cautions have been raised as the crop insurance program may impact the environment negatively. This study tries to explore farmers' behaviors with regard to agrochemical use with household data applied to a simultaneous equation system consisting of disaggregated input models. It is found that decisions on fertilizer, pesticides, and agro‐film applications do have different impacts on crop insurance participation, and are influenced by the latter in different ways. It is also implied that encouraging farmers' participation in crop insurance under current low‐premium and low‐indemnity terms does not have a significantly negative impact on the environment.     

China's Tax-for-Fee Reform and Village Inequality

In the late 1990s, China enacted a rural tax reform known as the “Tax-for-Fee Reform” (TFR), largely driven by a desire to address farmers' complaints about what they perceived as a heavy and regressive tax burden. This study examines the impact of the TFR on inequality in rural villages in China. Our results suggest that the TFR plays an effective role in reducing inequality within villages. Its impact on a consumption-based measure of inequality took effect immediately; its impact on per capita household income inequality took somewhat longer. Our results also suggest that it was “rich” and/or “coastal” villages that exhibited a significant reduction of inequality as a result of the TFR, whereas “poor” and/or “inland” villages experienced no significant changes in inequality from the reform.     

政府管制、生态认知与农户有机肥施用行为——基于黄河流域中上游的微观农户数据调查

目的 推进农业有机肥施用代替部分化学化肥,对于减少农业污染,实现黄河流域生态高质量发展具有重要意义。方法 文章基于黄河流域中上游地区1 490户农户微观数据,构建有调节的中介效应模型,探究了以技术推广强度为调节变量,生态认知为中介变量,政府管制对农户有机肥施用行为的影响。结果 （1）政府管制对农户有机肥施用行为影响正向显著;（2）生态认知在政府管制对农户有机肥施用行为中发挥了部分中介作用;（3）技术推广强度在生态认知影响农户有机肥施用行为的过程中存在负向调节作用。结论 （1）政府管制应当继续加强,监管机制与管制措施要恰当完善;（2）继续加强提高农户生态保护意识,不断提升农户对生态污染造成的不良后果的认知水平;（3）多角度、多方位、多层次的优化技术推广方式,有针对性的调整技术推广强度。     

Pesticide‐handling practices: the case of coffee growers in Papua New Guinea

Pesticide mismanagement potentially has high risks for farmers, households living in the community and the environment. In Papua New Guinea where farming is the primary occupation, there is evidence of dangerous herbicide application methods being used by coffee growers. Using original survey data for coffee smallholders from four provinces, we assess the factors driving farmers' use of personal protective equipment when preparing and applying herbicides, and farmers' disposal of agro‐chemical containers. We control for households' demographic variables and measure the impact of farmers' training in pest and disease management. We use the special regressor method to estimate binary choice models featuring an endogenous binary regressor (training). Our results show that human capital (education) and training are important drivers of farmers' pesticide‐handling practices, with marginal effects estimated at 10 and 22 per cent, respectively.     

情理与法理：农户分化视角下农地调整意愿研究

[目的]新一轮农地确权背景下我国部分农村仍旧坚守农地调整传统,与国家地权稳定的政策目标反向而行,探讨农户农地调整意愿影响因素对农地确权政策在调地村庄真正落实意义重大。[方法]文章基于农户分化视角,采用二元Logistic模型探讨情理因素和法理因素对农户农地调整意愿的影响。[结果]（1）无论是否控制农户资源禀赋特征,情理因素均对农户调地意愿具有显著正向影响;（2）未控制农户资源禀赋特征时,法理因素显著负向影响农户调地意愿,而控制农户资源禀赋特征后,法理因素对其调地意愿的影响并不显著。（3）法理因素在情理因素与农户调地意愿之间起着负向调节作用。（4）情理与法理对不同类型农户调地意愿的影响存在差异。[结论]为进一步减少农地调整频次,促进农地确权最终取代农地调整,推进农地调整减频替代,在强化法理对调地意愿抑制作用的同时也要弱化情理对其激励作用,针对不同类型农户采取差别化调地意愿降低策略,进一步深化以地权稳定为目标的农地确权。     

农户响应耕地休耕政策的影响因素分析——以乌鲁木齐县为例

[目的]基于乌鲁木齐县294位农户调研数据,分析其响应耕地休耕的影响因素,针对性提出对策建议,以期为耕地休耕制度的顺利推进提供依据。[方法]文章基于调研数据的整理,从农户个体特征、农户家庭特征、耕地基本情况和农户对休耕政策的认知4个方面,利用二分类Logistic模型,对乌鲁木齐县农户响应耕地休耕政策的影响因素进行深入分析。[结果](1)研究区内受访农户积极响应休耕的人数占总数的63.61%,农户休耕积极响应程度有待提高。(2)耕地自然生产条件是影响耕地休耕的重要原因,耕地的资源禀赋直接影响农户参与休耕响应的程度。(3)补偿标准是否合理对耕地休耕政策响应程度影响显著,合理地制定休耕补偿标准,农户休耕响应热情将大幅度增加。[结论]应从耕地休耕补偿机制的建立,补偿模式的选择等方面来制定合理的休耕补偿标准,同时增强农户对耕地休耕政策的认知、提高休耕地管护重要性的认识等方面来提高农户休耕的响应程度。     

Reducing Pesticide Use and Pesticide Impact by Productivity Growth: the Case of Dutch Arable Farming

This paper employs a dynamic Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model to measure the composition of productivity growth of pesticides and the environmental impacts of pesticides. The application focuses on panel data of Dutch arable farms over the period 2003–07. A bootstrap regression model is used to explain farmers' performance, providing empirical evidence of the impact of producer‐specific characteristics and environmental factors. The results show that Dutch arable farms have substantial inefficiency in the use of pesticides and high pesticide environmental inefficiency, and appear rather unconcerned about the environmental impacts of their current pesticide use decisions on next period's production environment.     

农村 “三权”抵押贷款融资对农户生计策略的影响基于重庆城乡统筹试验区5区县562户调查数据

目的 农村“三权”抵押贷款融资会改变农户生计资本的储量和组合形式,从而使得农户的生计策略发生变化,进而影响其生计结果。研究农村“三权”抵押贷款融资对农户生计策略的影响,为政府更好地精准扶贫,完善农村金融创新制度提供实证依据,具有必要性和现实意义。方法 文章以重庆城乡统筹试验区5个县（市、区）562户农户问卷为样本数据,通过建立Probit回归模型来分析农村“三权”抵押贷款融资对农户生计策略的影响。结果 农村“三权”抵押贷款融资政策实施后,研究区农户务农的比例下降,当地打工的比例有所上升,外出打工和个体经营成为他们的主要生计策略;参与农村“三权”抵押贷款融资的农户进行务农和外出打工的概率显著低于没有参与的农户;参与农村“三权”抵押贷款融资农户进行当地打工和个体经营的概率显著高于没有参与的农户。结论 当地政府在继续推广农村“三权”抵押贷款融资的同时,应帮助农户了解和认知参与农村“三权”抵押贷款融资的相关政策,提高农户“三权”抵押贷款融资的参与度,并且对“三权”抵押贷款机制进行拓展,使其能够用于更多的产业发展,为农户提供更多的当地就业机会;同时,当地政府应加强致力于教育发展和大力度营造良好的外部基础设施环境,并利用当地区域产业优势资源合理引导农户寻求适合自身情况的生计发展模式,实现农户脱贫致富及其生计可持续发展。     

加入合作社对农户绿色生产技术采纳的带动效应——基于福建柚农的调查数据

[目的]在农业生产资源趋紧和环境承载压力的双重考验下,合作社能否以及如何带动农户采纳绿色生产技术成为亟待回答的重大现实问题。[方法]文章基于福建省501户柚农的调查数据,以施用有机肥、生物农药和测土配方施肥3种绿色生产技术采纳为例,运用内生转换模型分析加入合作社对农户绿色生产技术采纳的影响及其作用机理。[结果]（1）加入合作社能促进农户采用绿色生产技术,在反事实假设条件下,加入合作社农户若未加入时,其绿色生产技术采纳积极性和采纳强度会降低,未加入合作社农户若加入时,其绿色生产技术采纳积极性和采用强度会提高,用工具变量法进行稳健性检验后,结论仍然成立。（2）加入合作社促进农户采纳绿色生产技术主要通过提升农户绿色生产认知这条路径实现,其中介效应占比为20.7%。（3）加入合作社对农户绿色生产技术采纳的影响存在群组间差异,加入合作社对规模较小农户、参与完全横向合作模式农户的带动效果更显著,合作社产前的统一农资和规定农药化肥清单、产中管理的生产检查和田间技术指导、产后的统一包装和销售等管理和服务,以及合作社分红,对农户绿色生产技术采纳的带动效果更显著。[结论]要大力支持合作社发展,鼓励农户加入...     

社会信任、感知价值对农户秸秆还田技术采纳意愿的影响——基于鄂豫两省样本农户的实证

目的 研究揭示社会信任、感知价值对农户秸秆还田技术采纳意愿的影响机制和效应。方法 文章基于社会嵌入理论和感知价值理论,以秸秆还田为例,利用湖北、河南1 776份农户调查数据,采用结构方程模型（SEM）实证分析社会信任、感知价值对农户秸秆还田技术采纳意愿的影响,并探讨不同分化水平下农户采纳意愿的差异性。结果 （1）社会信任、感知利益对农户采纳意愿具有显著正向影响,而感知风险具有显著负向影响;（2）社会信任主要通过感知利益间接作用于农户秸秆还田技术采纳意愿,感知风险的中介作用不显著,其中介效应分为别为0.165和0.001;（3）从多群组分析结果来看,低水平分化和高垂直分化农户的社会信任对其秸秆还田技术采纳意愿的影响更强烈。结论 政府应构建农户高度信任的外部环境,提高农户多维度价值感知,针对不同分化水平的农户制定差异化宣传策略,以切实增强农户采纳秸秆还田技术的积极意愿,实现秸秆综合利用与生态保护的双重目标。     

互联网嵌入对农户化学农药减量使用的影响——基于PSM模型的计量分析

[目的]在数字农业和绿色农业的双重背景下,探讨互联网嵌入对农户化学农药减量使用的影响,有助于实现农业数字化和绿色化发展。[方法]文章基于四川省712份微观农户调研数据,采用倾向得分匹配法实证检验了互联网嵌入是否会减少农户化学农药使用,并分析了其影响效应在不同农户群体中的异质性。[结果]互联网嵌入对农户减少化学农药使用具有显著的正向影响,其平均处理效应为0.114;互联网嵌入能有效促进小农户、专业种植大户和家庭农场减少化学农药使用,平均处理效应分别介于0.104～0.113、0.078～0.103和0.116～0.128;互联网嵌入对家庭农场减少化学农药使用的促进作用略大于小农户和专业种植大户,而相比于专业种植大户,互联网嵌入对小农户化学农药减量使用的促进作用更强。[结论]应推进农村新基建发展,提升农村互联网普及率,采取差异化的措施,鼓励家庭农场发展,引导家庭农场将互联网技术应用于农业生产,并加强互联网技术宣传与培训,提升小农户和专业种植大户嵌入互联网的能力,以促进农户减少化学农药使用。