通货膨胀经济中均衡选择问题研究

本文提供了一个基于遗传算法的世代交叠模型 ,用于研究通货膨胀经济中的均衡选择问题。在宏观经济中 ,经济主体的预期内生地决定了通货膨胀的动态 ,而通货膨胀的动态对经济主体预期的形成又会产生深刻影响。经济主体应用遗传算法来学习正确的预测规则 ,依据预期制定消费决策以解决其效用最大化问题。我们应用该模型 ,分别进行了“实际赤字固定”和“货币增长率固定”的政策模拟实验。实验结果表明 :随着经济主体预期的不断进化 ,模型均波动地收敛于帕累托最优理性预期均衡 ;两种不同的货币政策没有导致通货膨胀变动性出现显著的差异。     

货币政策的博弈分析

作为宏观调控主要工具的货币政策,在为维持经济的持续稳定发展方面,发挥了巨大的作用.在新的国际国内政治经济环境下,如何更有效地发挥货币政策的作用,实现国民经济的迅速发展,这是一个值得关注和研究的问题.用博弈理论来分析研究货币政策,是一个很好的选择和办法.货币政策并不是政府单方面说了算的,而是多方面博弈的结果.社会公众的预期在理性与适应性之间,减弱了货币政策的传递效力;投资主体对投资收益的不利预期降低了货币政策传导机制的有效性;金融衍生市场的发展复杂化了货币政策工具的作用环境,不确定因素增加,使货币政策效应模糊了.因此,货币政策的选择应与国内、国际具体情况相对应,在博弈中达到均衡.     

公众预期、通胀成因与经济波动牵扯

针对金融危机冲击下各国宏观经济政策所导致的新的世界经济波动,结合中国当前通货膨胀两难局面,运用古典模型中的二分法解构中国通货膨胀,得出名义变量引致了通胀的结论,并将古典增长模型与利率平滑规则有机结合,推断出现阶段通胀背景下仍应坚持适度从紧的货币政策规则,引导公众心理形成稳定的期望收入预期,才能真正意义上在稳定通胀的同时,形成社会理性消费预期,从而使扩大内需成为可能,这才是解决现阶段增长困境所在。     

实际汇率与居民消费风险分担的动态关系——基于预期的视角

通过考虑居民预期行为的作用，实际汇率与居民消费风险分担的动态关系是一个附带预期的渐进调整过程。在利用东亚9个主要经济体的数据对该关系进行研究后发现：（1）东亚各国居民之间的消费风险分担程度较低，但是从2000年之后，居民消费风险分担程度在逐渐提高；（2）实际汇率变动基本上没有平滑东亚各国（地区）居民的消费变动；（3）持有静态预期行为的居民朝向长期消费风险分担均衡的调整程度较小，并且该调整速度较慢，同时持有理性预期行为的居民、持有适应性预期行为的居民背离长期消费风险分担均衡的调整程度较大，并且该调整速度较快，这是造成非完全消费风险分担均衡的重要原因。     

货币政策传导中的路径扭曲和利益搏弈

我国从90年代后期以来一直宣称实行稳健的货币政策,每年计划的货币供应量增长率在15%左右,这一政策的意图是保证公众对货币增长率的合理预期,从而消除经济运行中的大起大伏,保持经济的平稳增长,但实际执行效果差强人意。除了国内外学者探讨较多的货币政策目标和操作工具等方面存在的问题外,由于我国经济发展正处于从数量向质量转变的阶段,结构上的差异包括地区、行业、城乡、体制等方面的不均衡,导致货币政策传导途径中产生变异,以及存在的多种利益搏弈,对货币政策效果产生的影响不容忽视。本文从中国转型期的特点进行分析,得出结论:市场化的不完善和不按市场经济规律运作是导致货币政策传导路径扭曲的最主要和最直接原因。     

论货币政策调控艺术

正确的操作规则，相关的中介目标、恰当的操作时机和灵活的操作方式是提高货币政策调控艺术的途径。借鉴西方发达国家的成功经验，我国应采取既有规则约束又能根据经济变化作出反应和调整的“积极规则”，注重中介指标与宏观经济目标的相关性，提高中央银行的预测能力，运用前瞻性策略，让货币政策适时发挥作用；以谨慎的态度，学习“微调”操作，加强对公众预期的利用与引导，进行信心调控。     

利率政策信息的“公开效应”与策议

<正>传统的货币政策理论认为,中央银行有限制的、甚至完全没有透明度地进行货币政策操作是达到政策效果的最优方式。因为公众的预期会降低货币政策的效果,只有在远离公众监督或至少部分避免公众监督的条件下采取的货币政策才能产生意外冲击的效果,从而使货币政策有效。而且隐蔽的进行货币政策操作还可以避开政府的过多干预,方便     

国际技术扩散与经济增长:收敛模型

本文从生产部门入手,引入国家间技术扩散的互动机制,得到技术扩散下均衡增长的重要结论——在小国经济条件下,若存在完全的技术扩散,世界各国的经济增长将最终收敛于统一速率;在大国经济条件下,若存在完全的技术扩散,世界各国的经济增长将向大国的增长速率收敛。对于影响收敛过程的主要因素,我们认为:在小国经济中,均衡增长速率的大小不仅与外生变量有关,还取决于扩散国的研发投入与扩散速度。当扩散国的技术优势地位十分显著时,整个世界的均衡增长率将会由该国决定,这就是大国经济条件下的情形。此时,吸收国的收敛速度与扩散国的研发投入、扩散速度正相关。     

人民币汇率调整的路径选择

人民币汇率问题一直是热点问题之一,现在的汇率水平是多方博弈的结果。我们看到,中央政府在调控汇率时综合考虑了经济因素、公众预期等因素,力求达到出其不意的效果,以阻断预期自我实现的机制,避免汇率水平持续大幅度升值。本文通过构建博弈模型,研究政府调整汇率的步骤与时机选择,认为在相机选择政策下,政府的汇率调整在短期内可以影响公众预期,进而促进国际收支的均衡,但长期效果不明显,政策成本也比单一规则为高。     

通货膨胀预期与宏观经济稳定:1995-2008——基于动态随机一般均衡模型的分析

当前全球性量化宽松的货币政策使通货膨胀预期形成的可能性增大,势必给正处于恢复性上涨阶段的各国经济蒙上一层阴影,并对今后一段时间内宏观经济稳定产生复杂而深刻的影响.本文构建了一个开放经济条件下多部门的动态随机一般均衡模型(DSGE),识别和分析了影响中国宏观经济波动的六种可能冲击(通胀预期偏差冲击、技术增长率冲击、政府购买力冲击、劳动力供给冲击、国际贸易冲击以及货币政策冲击),并在此基础上,重点研究了通货膨胀预期偏差冲击对宏观经济波动的影响.研究显示,通货膨胀预期偏差冲击通过改变微观个体对未来通货膨胀的预期,影响经济中均衡的风险利率和无风险利率,进而对宏观经济波动产生影响.具体来看,通胀预期偏差冲击对一定时期内的宏观经济有显著负效应,能解释大约20%的产出和消费波动、大约50%的投资和就业波动.这表明,通胀预期对于宏观经济稳定有重要意义.因此,政府在执行包括货币政策在内的宏观调控政策时,要充分考虑通货膨胀预期对政策执行效力的可能影响,并利用各种平台加强与公众沟通,扩大政策透明度,减少信息不对称所带来的预期偏差,还要增强不同政策工具的信号功能,通过不同政策工具的艺术性搭配,积极引导公众预期向预定的政策目标接近.     

Industrial Productivity Convergence in China

This paper examines the convergence process of industrial productivity between Chinese regions. Both σ- and β-convergences are investigated using a panel data set of 30 provinces and autonomous regions over the period 1985–1999. Unconditional σ- and β-convergence methods fail to detect productivity convergence over the whole sample period, although they suggest convergence during a sub-period 1985–1990. The estimates of a human capital enhanced production function, with the constant return to scale constraint, show that productivity gaps between Chinese regions declined during 1985–1999 with a rate of convergence of around 1.3% per annum. Similar results are also found when the data are disaggregated into three broader geographic regions.     

The Optimal Monetary and Macroprudential Policies for the South African Economy

We investigate the optimal design and effectiveness of monetary and macroprudential policies in promoting macroeconomic (price) and financial stability for the South African economy. We develop a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model featuring a housing market, a banking sector and the role of macroprudential and monetary policies. Based on the parameter estimates from the estimation, we conduct an optimal rule analysis and an efficient policy frontier analysis, and compare the dynamics of the model under different policy regimes. We find that a policy regime that combines a standard monetary policy rule and a macroprudential policy rule delivers a more stable economic system with price and financial stability. A policy regime that combines an augmented monetary policy (policy rate reacts to financial conditions) with macroprudential policy is better at attenuating the effects of financial shocks, but at a much higher cost of price instability. Our findings suggest that monetary policy should focus solely on its primary objective of price stability and let macroprudential policy facilitate financial stability on its own.     

经济政策不确定性与企业投资趋同行为

文章以2003-2017年A股非金融类上市公司为研究样本,考察经济政策不确定性对企业投资趋同行为的影响。研究发现,经济政策不确定性的升高会显著增强企业投资趋同行为,该影响效应在信息优势企业有所减弱,在资产不可逆程度较高企业有所增强。分行业检验发现,在管制性行业以及景气度较低行业中,经济政策不确定性对企业投资趋同行为的影响减弱。进一步研究发现,在经济政策不确定性不断攀升的背景下,实体投资趋同性会带来更为严重的金融化,特别是在行业实体投资总体趋于放缓的情况下,企业金融化现象更加严重。该研究为宏观经济波动下企业投资趋同行为提供了经验证据。     

Monetary Convergence and Risk Premiums in the EU Accession Countries

This study examines the impact of various monetary policy regimes on the ability to lower inflation and exchange rate risk premiums in the EU accession countries as they undergo monetary convergence to the eurozone. It proposes a monetary policy framework of flexible targeting of relative inflation risk premium that is believed to be credible and useful for managing these two categories of risk. A model of inflation and exchange rate risk premiums within the context of inflation targeting is developed. Recent trends in these risk premiums in Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland are tested by employing the threshold ARCH (TARCH) model.     

Monetary Shocks and the Fundamental Determinants of the Real Exchange Rate under the Hong Kong Currency Board

To assess the claim that flexible markets render monetary policy unimportant under the currency board, we test the impact of monetary shocks on Hong Kong's real exchange rate. Using vector autoregressions, we find persistent effects of monetary shocks on the real exchange rate, implying money is not neutral in Hong Kong. We then estimate the equilibrium real exchange rate, employing the definition developed by Rogoff-Obstfeld-Stein. The divergence between the observed and equilibrium rates is clearly stationary throughout the 1980s, but after a key policy shift in 1991 that divergence becomes non-stationary. We conclude that Hong Kong's real exchange rate moved away from the real fundamentals in the latter period.     

Robust Stability of Monetary Policy Rules under Adaptive Learning

Recent research has explored how minor changes in expectation formation can change the stability properties of a model ( 2007 ; 2009 ). This article builds on this research by examining an economy subject to a variety of monetary policy rules under an endogenous learning algorithm proposed by 2003 . The results indicate that operational versions of optimal discretionary rules are not robustly stable, as in 2009 . In addition, commitment rules are not robust to minor changes in expectational structure and parameter values.     

Direct Inflation Targeting and Nominal Convergence: The Czech Case

This study analyses the impact of direct inflation targeting (DIT) on monetary policy credibility in the Czech Republic, as evidenced by asset prices. It examines the effect of changes in the two-week repo rate (the official interest rate) on short and long–term market interest rates. It assumes the asymmetry of information and the existence of a stationary stochastic equilibrium with full knowledge of authorities reaction function. We find that at short maturities, the coefficients for changes in the official repo rate are lower in the DIT period than in the pre-crisis period. This implies that the hypothesis of no increase in the transparency of monetary policy with the introduction of DIT can be rejected. We find that bond yields and interest rate swap rates with maturities of 5 years and longer did not react significantly to official interest rate decisions in the DIT period. This is consistent with the hypothesis that monetary policy was credible both before and after introduction of DIT.     

中国地区增长是否存在收敛?——随机框架下的再讨论

针对单个面板单位根检验结果具有多种可能含义的问题,本文基于多种面板单位根检验方法以及验证分析(confirmatory analysis)的思路,对改革开放以来我国各地区经济增长的随机收敛特性进行了再检验。结果发现,全国范围内并不存在全局性的随机收敛,借助序贯分类方法,我们发现相对于全国水平的随机收敛只出现在六个省区。进一步检验也未发现存在俱乐部式随机收敛的证据。发展失衡已经成为我国地区经济增长的显著特征,推动地区发展重回均衡应成为经济政策的重要核心。本文研究还表明在对面板单位根检验结果进行解释时需要谨慎。     

我国前瞻性货币供给规则与宏观经济的稳定我国前瞻性货币供给规则与宏观经济的稳定性——拓展的MIU模型与中国经验

国内研究货币规则的文献大多依据＂损失函数最小化＂标准获得货币政策工具的决策准则,而鲜有从一般均衡模型不动点性质的角度评析我国货币政策规则的文章。本文将一个适用于我国转型时期的货币量规则引入一般均衡的MIU模型,拓展了传统的固定货币增长率的货币经济学模型。文章发现：消费者微观偏好和央行货币政策参数会对宏观经济系统的稳定性产生影响。数据分析显示：我国经济系统获致的不动点为鞍点,即存在一条稳定的轨迹使经济系统收敛于均衡状态。文章建议,货币政策部门密切关注居民微观行为演进和央行货币规则微调对经济系统动态特性产生的影响。

Abstract：

Most domestic literatures on monetary rules are based upon the standard of ＂loss function minimization＂ to get access to the decision-making guidelines regarding monetary policy tools.While,little article looks the problem concerning the assessment of China＇s monetary policy rule from the angle of fixed point nature in the general equilibrium model.This paper introduces a monetary policy rule compatible with our transitional reform period into a general equilibrium MIU model,which is extended from the traditional fixed-money-growth-rate model.This article argues that：micro-parameters of Consumer preferences and the central bank＇s monetary policy have great impact on macroeconomic stability.Further-more,we put forward three testable propositions.According to macro-level data from China,we find that：Our economic system has a saddle-point equilibria,that is to say,there exists a stable trajectory that the economy will converge to this equilibria.The paper suggests that our monetary policy-makers should pay close attention to the micro—behavior evolution of our residents and the monetary regime changes,which will have significant impact on the dynamic characteristics of our economy.