区域房价差异、劳动力流动与产业升级

中国正在发生的大规模区域产业转移的动因是什么,区域房价差异对产业转移和产业升级产生哪些影响,是本文关注的焦点。作者引入房价因素,对新经济地理学模型进行拓展,发现区域房价差异导致劳动力流动,从而诱发产业转移。在此基础上,利用动态面板数据模型对2000-2009年中国35个大中城市进行实证检验,结果发现城市间的相对房价升高,导致相对就业人数减少,并促使产业价值链向高端攀升,实现了产业升级。对不同区域的深度分析表明,区域房价差异确实是影响东、中、西部地区产业转移和产业升级的一个重要因素。因此,制定合理的区域产业发展规划,加大对东部地区中高端产业发展的扶持力度,建立健全与产业转移相适应的住房政策和住房保障体系,是顺应产业转移趋势、避免部分区域产业空心化的必要措施。     

Impact of government intervention in the housing market: evidence from the housing purchase restriction policy in China

In 2010, a housing purchase restriction policy was announced by China’s central government and implemented gradually by several prefecture governments. In this article, we empirically investigate this policy’s effect on the housing market. Using a difference-in-difference framework, we show that the housing purchase restriction policy reduces housing prices and transaction amounts but does not influence the housing investment or construction markets. Moreover, upstream industry suffers more than downstream industry. The results are robust to a battery of robustness checks. Heterogeneity exists across cities. We find that first- and second-tier cities as well as highly urbanized cities experience great declines in housing prices after the policy’s implementation, especially cites that had high housing prices in 2010 and cities with high real estate investment as a proportion of fixed asset investment. However, the housing policy is less effective in curbing speculative demand.     

Price transmission and market integration: vertical and horizontal price linkages for salmon

Relationships between prices are of interest when testing for market integration as well as analyses of supply chains. A feature that has received little attention is that if two supply chains are linked by market integration at some stage, then the whole supply chain will be linked. Furthermore, the leading price in such a system can be in one supply chain and will not be revealed in market integration studies or analysis of a single supply chain. An empirical analysis is provided for the supply chains for salmon which originates in Norway and the United Kingdom and is then sold at retail level in France as smoked salmon. We find a high degree of price transmission in both supply chains, as well as integrated markets.     

Impact Fees and Real Estate Prices: Evidence from 35 Chinese Cities

Local governments often charge developers impact fees to finance local public goods. This has been practiced in Chinese cities for more than two decades; however, no empirical studies have tested the effect of impact fees on real estate prices. Using a panel data set for 35 large- and medium-sized cities from 1998 to 2008, we find that impact fees lead to a significant increase in real estate prices. For a given city, an increase in impact fees by one yuan leads to an increase of about 5 yuan in the price of newly-built housing; a 1% increase in impact fees leads to an increase of 5 percentage points in the housing price index and 7 percentage points in the land price index.     

地理与服务业-内需是否会使城市体系分散化?

本文利用中国城市面板数据,考察了到大港口和区域性核心大城市的距离对第三产业劳动生产率的影响。我们发现,第三产业劳动生产率和到大港口的距离之间呈现出三次型的"∽"曲线关系,随着离大港口越来越远,第三产业劳动生产率下降、上升再下降。相比之下,第二产业劳动生产率和到大港口的距离之间也存在三次曲线关系,但是没有第二波峰,说明第二产业的集聚力比第三产业相对更强,但离散力相对更弱。同时,我们也发现,区域性的大城市对第三产业劳动生产率的影响比对第二产业的影响更加明显。本文的含义是,向沿海和大城市周边的空间集聚对于服务业发展非常重要,服务业作为内需增长的源泉并不会使城市体系分散化。     

Understanding Price Variation Across Stores and Supermarket Chains: Some Implications for CPI Aggregation Methods

The empirical literature on price indices consistently finds that aggregation methods have a considerable impact, particularly when scanner data are used. This paper outlines a novel approach to test for the homogeneity of goods and hence for the appropriateness of aggregation. A hedonic regression framework is used to test for item homogeneity across four supermarket chains and across stores within each of these supermarket chains. We find empirical support for the aggregation of prices across stores which belong to the same supermarket chain. Support was also found for the aggregation of prices across three of the four supermarket chains.     

Housing price variability: national and local impacts

This article examines the influence of national and local forces on housing prices in 20 local US real estate markets during the recent housing price run-up and decline. We use reduced-form panel data fixed-effects models with robust SEs to determine the impact of national and local effects on housing prices in 20 US cities across time. A national home price index and mortgage rate are used to measure national impacts on the local markets. A mix of socio-economic variables estimates local impacts. We find no results indicating that national trends lack relevance in local markets; however, we find wide support for the additional inclusion of local socio-economic factors in all markets. The findings are consistent with an environment in which national polices and trends influence all markets; however local policymakers and investors can continue to expect geographic differences in market outcomes.     

城市产业转型升级与空间规模演化的经济学分析

城市化是由要素边际生产率变化导致产业结构变化,致使劳动力由农业部门向工业和服务业部门的流动,大量地在城市中的聚集。通过构建数理模型,我们发现在产业转型升级的过程中,技术进步起到了至关重要的作用。技术进步直接决定了城市的人口密度和规模,因而引导着城市化的发展方向和速度。由于产业分布在空间的相互排斥,促使产业转型推动了城市地租的新一轮上涨。产业转型决定着城市必然走向内涵式发展的道路,大、中、小城市呈现空间组团化格局。     

A national or local phenomenon? A comparison of the US and the Chinese housing markets

This article investigates the common movements of house prices across cities as well as the macroeconomic underpinnings of the comovements in the US and China. Our empirical results indicate more differences than similarities between the US and the Chinese housing markets. The results from a Bayesian dynamic latent factor model indicate that the fluctuations of house prices across cities in the US are more a national phenomenon, while the dynamics of house prices across cities in China are mainly driven by the city-specific component. We further use VAR models to compare the roles of the underlying determinants in these two housing markets. The results show that the roles of monetary policy shocks and aggregate fluctuations in driving the common movements of house prices across cities differ substantially between the US and China at both short and long horizons.     

Housing price,talent movement,and innovation output: Evidence from Chinese cities

How housing costs would influence the job‐housing choice of talent and associated city‐level innovation performance is a question of interest for urban development policies. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the influence of rising housing prices on the attraction of talent and the associated innovation output in major Chinese cities. In this paper, we use the housing price data of 51 cities from the China Real Estate Index System database and the corresponding macro data of China City Statistical Yearbooks from 2005 to 2014 to analyze this focal research question. The empirical analysis shows that the increase in city housing prices generally correlates positively with city innovation outcome and talent attraction, suggesting no crowding‐out effect on the innovative performance of the city. However, the positive association between housing prices and innovation outcome and talent attraction has started to disappear in first‐tier cities in recent years, suggesting potential crowding‐out effect if the increasing housing prices transform to bubbles. This research thus provides considerable policy implications concerning the impacts of housing prices on talent movement and innovation output.     

房价对城市全要素生产率的影响机制研究——基于Tobit模型实证分析

基于2008—2016年全国35个大中型城市的面板数据,利用Tobit模型和投入导向型的数据包络分析(DEA)方法探究城市房屋销售价格对城市全要素生产率的影响。研究发现：在整体维度城市房价与城市生产率呈现先增加后减少的倒U型曲线,且城市的房价水平超过了“房住不炒”的最高临界值,房价上升的抑制效应显著。房价对于不同人口规模城市的生产率影响具有异质性,在人口规模达到特大城市时,房价与城市生产率呈现倒U型特征,人口规模达到超大城市后,房价与城市生产率倒U型特征消失。不同类型城市房价与城市生产率之间的倒U型关系和城市的异质性特征表明,我国大中型城市应进行房价的“一城一策”精细化调节,“房住不炒”的政策定位具有坚实理论依据和现实必然。     

产业特性、区域异质性与我国国内价值链分工

基于区域间投入产出表和上游度模型,构建国内价值链分工地位、嵌入位置和增值能力指数,系统刻画1997-2007年我国国内价值链分工形态,应用面板数据模型对国内价值链的产业和区域异质性进行实证研究。结果发现,我国总体尚未形成严格的东中西梯次分布的价值链空间格局,产业属性决定国内价值链嵌入位置和分工地位,产业国有比重越高越有助于价值链分工地位提升,产业资本劳动比提升嵌入位置却恶化分工地位,产业规模对分工地位没有显著影响;区域FDI导致价值链低端锁定和增值能力弱化,区域创新投入强化产业直接价值增值、市场化水平的提高显著提升价值链嵌入位置,但二者与价值链分工地位的关系均不显著。优化市场环境、降低制度成本、选择差异化的区域产业升级路径是构建国内价值链的关键。     

Interest Rates,Local Housing Markets and House Price Over‐reactions

Understanding the effects of interest rates on city‐specific house price to household income ratios is important for managing local housing markets. In particular, there is concern that keeping interest rates at sufficiently low levels can distort the relationship between local house prices and fundamentals. We use house price to income ratios across capital cities in Australia to investigate this issue and show that there is a national interest rate ‘transition’ point below which housing dynamics can become unstable. This result lends support to the presence of a duration‐dependent threshold effect (hitherto mainly explored in theoretical models).     

城市规模、资源配置与经济增长

目前,部分城市的房价等资源要素价格高涨,高成本城市化已启动,本文分析了我国城市规模与资源配置的"极化"与"分散化"并存的非平衡增长城市化模式,认为非平衡增长的城市化模式造成了房价等资源要素的高涨和经济的非平衡发展,并以柯布—道格拉斯函数为基础,利用全国287个地级市1999-2008年的面板数据,检验了城市规模、资源配置对经济增长的影响,并对东中西部不同地域和不同人口规模城市和经济增长的关系进行了分类检验和分析。实证结果显示:在城市规模与经济增长之间的相关关系上,中部和西部地区明显高于东部地区。400万以上人口规模的城市,其规模与经济增长的相关系数显著降低。检验结果表明,在我国城市化模式问题上,中西部地区还可以继续进行"集中导向"的城市化模式,而东部地区的城市化到了进行"分散与集中"并存模式的转型时期。在城市规模上,未来城市化可以有重点地扩大部分中小城市的规模,再造大城市,适当控制目前超大城市的规模。在资源配置上,引导、鼓励高校教育、重点项目等资源有重点地向中小城市流入,促进城市经济的协调发展,促进城市化模式从非平衡增长到平衡增长。     

The Impact of Demographics on Policy Outcomes Under Varying Institutional Frameworks

This paper examines the impact that demographics have on policy outcomes. The impact that aldermanic ward-level demographics have on the number of liquor licenses is measured in two US cities. In one city there is a great deal of direct resident involvement in the issuance process, while in the other city, issuance decisions are handled by elected representatives. This research does find that demographics have a significant impact on policy outcomes. However, the paper does not find a significant difference in outcomes between decisions made by elected representatives and those made by the community.     

Deregulation and the determinants of network access: evidence from the German interurban bus industry

We investigate the characteristics of cities gaining access to the German interurban bus network in the first two years following the deregulation of the industry in January 2013. Applying both parametric and semi-parametric survival models, we find strong evidence that the probability of a city to be added to a provider’s network increases not only with the mere size of its population but also with further demographic characteristics such as average income or the share of young and old inhabitants. Additionally, while an increasing importance of tourism has a further positive effect, a rising automobile density is imposing a significantly negative impact on the probability of a city to gain access to the network.     

首要城市主导产业扩散效应研究：基于京津冀城市群的实证

为拟合京津冀城市群中核心城市的扩散与回流效应，利用2005-2019年京津冀城市群8个城市面板数据，构建以北京、天津为单核心或双核心的城市主导产业对外围城市关联产业以及高产值产业的扩散效应模型，分析得出3个结论：①首都对外围城市的回流效应导致外围城市产业发展低端化，并制约首都高端制造业发挥扩散效应；②首都与区域内中小型城市发展差距大，使第二大城市承接发展转移的中介功能得到提高，并通过与首要城市的连结促进承接发展转移的中介城市产业发展；③回流效应影响主导产业向外关联性拓展，导致外围城市产业发展仍需依托聚集经济，相同产业的大量集聚影响产业多样性，制约产业集群发展。基于此，建议通过提升外围城市公共服务与基础设施水平、加速主导产业升级以及强化第二大城市中介功能，提升城市间产业协作水平。     

宏观共同因子、特质因子以及货币政策对中国各线城市房价的影响——基于FAVAR模型

运用FAVAR模型,将中国各线城市房价分离出宏观共同因子和特质因子部分,研究了各因子及货币政策对房价的影响。研究发现:大城市的房价更易受宏观共同因子和地区特质因子的影响,且变动的持续性更大;共同因子可在很大程度上解释房价变动的持续性和波动性;共同因子对房价的影响较为持久,而地区特质因子只在短期内影响房价;利率和货币供应量可以有效地影响房价;相比利率,货币供应量对一线和二线城市房价水平的影响更大,对各线城市房价波动的影响更为持久;一线城市的房价水平及其波动对货币政策冲击的敏感度较高,二线城市的敏感度居中,三线城市的敏感度较低;未发现货币政策的"价格之谜"现象,表明本文模型设定的合理性较强。     

Convergence and spillover of house prices in Chinese cities

The issue of house price convergence in 34 Chinese cities is investigated. We augmented the convergence model with contemporaneous spatial dependence in house prices and found that price convergence and positive spatial spillover are both present. We explicitly addressed the endogeneity problem by introducing a Bayesian instrumental variable setup, which was estimated with particle filtering techniques. From a growth poles perspective, the empirical evidence indicates that the spread effect in regional house prices outweighs the backwash effect. The identified positive spatial spillover has two effects on the growth of house prices in Chinese cities. First, the spillover elevates the trajectories of the steady-state growth paths of house prices. Second, the spillover narrows the gaps between the growth paths of house prices in neighbouring cities. Shocks to the socio-economic variables of a city generate their own effects on domestic house prices that dominate the effects arising from cross-city price feedbacks, thus mitigating the prospect of level convergence. Our findings also suggest a collaborating role between time and spatial dependence parameters. The identification of inter-city spillover, which is a conditioning factor for regional house price convergence, offers implications to policies that are most likely to be effective in reducing regional disparity.     

北京和首尔全球城市网络联系能级及其动力因素比较

在全球城市网络中,每个城市的网络联系能级各不相同。目前的研究主要描述了网络特征和联系方式,以及联系程度的衡量方法,还缺少对影响网络联系动力因素的深入探索。在泰勒所建立的城市—公司数量矩阵基础上,通过对全球61个跨国现代服务业企业在49个城市的分布,计算各城市的联系度,分别将北京和首尔在全球城市网络中的联系度及其不同部门的差异进行比较;并对决定两个城市联系能级的产业、城市和国家经济等相关因素进行比对,证明产业、城市和国家等不同层次因素对全球网络城市联系度的影响。结果表明,国家腹地对城市在网络中的地位比城市和行业因素的动力作用都更加明显。这不但验证了泰勒提出的城市联系能级动力因素,而且对不同层次的动力因素得出了具体结论。