以产业结构为中介的创新影响中国经济增长的机理*

本文基于熊彼特创新思想，借鉴Aghion创新模型分析方法，揭示创新通过产业结构调整影响经济增长的内在机理，并运用中国1998—2015年间的省际面板数据，采用3SLS法和联立方程模型对创新、产业结构调整与中国经济增长的关系进行经验检验。研究结果表明：（1）创新通过产业结构调整“中介作用”影响经济增长的机制是存在的；（2）中部、西部地区经济增长对创新的影响强度较大，东部地区所处的创新阶段更加领先，进一步突破前沿技术，容易遭遇瓶颈；（3）理论和实证的政策性意义在于中国长期经济增长需要进一步突出创新的主体地位，加大对产业内部技术创新的投入，促进技术创新对产业结构高级化作用的有效发挥。     

Public infrastructure,production organization,and economic development

We develop a political economy model of growth to examine economic development led by the interactions between an economic decision concerning a firm’s production technology (CRS vs. IRS technology) and a political decision concerning public infrastructure. We show that multiple equilibrium growth paths occur due to differences in expectations regarding the quality of public infrastructure. These multiple paths illustrate why economies with poor initial conditions can catch up to and, furthermore, overtake economies with better initial conditions. Our result could explain the experiences of some East Asian countries where the co-evolution of public infrastructure and industrial transformation spurred economic development.     

资源配置、产业结构与全要素生产率：基于真实经济周期模型的分析*

本文旨在测算、分析中国经济及各产业部门的全要素生产率和年均增长率、产业结构高度及其合理化程度，再结合其他37个国家的相应数据进行国际比较。本文依据真实经济周期模型推导出全要素生产率的测算方程并构建了测算产业结构高度及其合理化程度的两个指标。本文发现，由三大产业部门全要素生产率水平之间的差异和部门间规模巨大的人力资本转移而形成的“结构效益”，能够合理解释中国经济整体全要素生产率年均增长率较高但三大产业部门却处在较低水平甚至负增长这两个看似矛盾的经济事实。本文从数理逻辑和经验研究两个角度验证了“产出增长率效应”和“结构效益”的存在。本文通过国际比较发现，中国经济产业结构高度及其合理化程度大幅落后于多数高收入国家。     

产业投资基金真的可以驱动经济结构优化吗——产业基金对经济增长与产业升级驱动程度的PVAR模型分析

在中国经济转型过程中,众多地方政府选择产业投资基金作为优化经济结构的助推工具,但实践中各地方产业基金的投资效果与期望目标存在较大差异,因此需要对产业基金的经济优化效应进行检验。运用诺依曼定理分析产业基金与经济结构优化的互动机制并提出研究假设,采用面板向量自回归模型将经济结构优化表示为经济增长与产业升级,并与产业投资基金进行实证检验。结果表明,产业基金并不是经济结构优化的驱动因素,而只是其结果。一方面,产业基金并不会直接驱动经济增长与产业结构升级,而是通过增加金融投资总量间接作用于经济结构优化;另一方面,产业升级与经济增长会显著吸引产业投资基金。鉴于大量设立产业投资基金对于优化经济结构效果不显著,因而应当重点促进多元金融产业发展、提高企业融资能力、发展多种形式的金融工具。     

西安市主导产业选择研究

主导产业是经济发展中一个重要的经济现象,作为一个国家或地区经济发展不同阶段的经济增长点,对该国家或地区产业结构的演变方向和趋势具有导向作用,它反映和决定了一个国家或地区经济的总体水平和发展前景,决定着整个国家或地区的经济增长和产业结构的合理化,对经济发展和产业升级起着关键作用.要实现产业结构的合理化,就必须正确地进行主导产业选择,其他产业只有围绕着主导产业才能实现不断的增长和发展.     

Patent protection, capital accumulation, and economic growth

In this paper, we investigate how strengthening patent protection affects economic growth in an endogenous growth model where both innovation and capital accumulation are the driving forces of economic growth. In this model, stronger patent protection raises the profit flow obtained by innovation but reduces the factor demand for capital. This process accelerates innovation but discourages capital accumulation, and because of the negative effect on economic growth through reducing capital accumulation, strengthening patent protection may then impede economic growth. This result contrasts with earlier studies where innovation is the sole driving force for economic growth. Moreover, in an open economy model where technologies are transferred and capital is imported from abroad, the strictest protection of patents enhances technology adoption from abroad but impedes capital accumulation, and thus, the relation derived between patent protection and output can be nonmonotone. In terms of implications, these findings may be able to partly explain the complex relation found by some empirical studies in this area.     

A political economy approach to endogenous industrial policies

This paper uses a political economy perspective to study the endogenous formation of economic policies and its interplay with political institutions. This paper provides a novel view that both the institutions and economic development status are essential factors in endogenously determining economic policies. The model aims to explain both the differences in the degree of adopting industrial policies as well as the differences in the types of industrial policies being implemented. Using a concise framework with two country-specific characteristics, the baseline model can capture three main types of industrial policy platforms of interest. In a country where voters’ political awareness is positively skewed and press freedom is relatively low, pro-heavy industry policies would be present most of the time; South Korea is representative of this type of countries. In a country where voters’ political awareness is positively skewed and press freedom is relatively high, there is usually an active industrial policy, though the target of the policy changes over time. Specifically, the policy is favoring the industry of which the industry-specific TFP is relatively high; Japan is representative of this type of countries. In a country where voters’ political awareness is negatively skewed and press freedom is relatively high, there is usually no active industrial policy; the U.S. is representative of this type of countries.     

征收碳税对中国经济增长与行业发展的影响

征收碳税已成为众多国家推动低碳经济发展的重要措施之一.本文采用1999～2008年中国29个省、直辖市、自治区和部分行业的相关数据,构建面板数据模型,并运用广义最小二乘估计法,对征收碳税与经济增长和行业发展之间的关系进行实证分析,得出以下结论:征收碳税对中国经济增长的影响存在显著的地区差异和行业差异;在较低强度的碳税政策下,碳税对中东部地区大部分省份的经济增长有促进作用,但阻碍中西部地区一些省份的经济增长;征收碳税对我国大多数行业的发展起推动作用,但不利于少数高能耗行业的发展.     

产业结构变动对区域经济增长贡献的空间分析--以河南省为例

产业结构变动是影响区域经济增长的重要因素。采用多部门经济模型和基于统计角度的GDP产业结构贡献度测算方法,以河南省为例,分析了1994—2003年10年来产业结构变动对经济增长的贡献,发现产业结构变动对区域经济增长贡献的空间差异明显,地区产业结构变动差异较大,各地产业结构调整进展不一。产业结构变动对区域经济增长的贡献与区域经济增长之间存在显著的负相关关系,经济增长率降低是结构调整的基本动力之一,而结构调整又成为经济增长的动力。影响产业结构变动对区域经济增长贡献的主要因素是区域产业结构政策和产业投资政策,人均GDP、年均GDP则与其不相关或弱相关。     

1979–2001: A Greek great depression through the lens of neoclassical growth theory

This paper focuses on the performance of the Greek economy during the period 1979–2001. Following the work of Cole and Ohanian (1999) and Kehoe and Prescott (2002, 2007) this twenty year episode can be characterized as a great depression. We use this methodology and ask whether, given the observed exogenous path of total factor productivity (TFP), the neoclassical growth model can generate an equilibrium behavior that has growth accounting characteristics similar to those in the data. The answer is affirmative: Changes in TFP are crucial in accounting for the Greek great depression. Our model economy predicts a big decline of economic activity during the 80s and until the mid-90s and a strong recovery for the period 1995–2001. This is exactly what happened in Greece. Moreover, the model successfully mimics the actual data with respect to the timing of peaks and troughs and the time paths of most key macroeconomic variables. However, puzzles between theory's predictions and the observed data are not missing. For instance, things are (not surprisingly for the neoclassical growth model) less successful when it comes to the labor factor.     

The co‐development of economies and institutions

In this study, we model the Schumpeterian growth theory in a simple discrete‐time framework in which both economies and institutions need to be developed. Individuals need to borrow from an imperfect financial market to develop an economy. A government can adopt two potential strategies for improving the borrowing capacity of individuals and, as a result, enhancing economic performance: ‘the rule of law’ and ‘industrial policies’. We interpret market‐oriented reform in transition economies as a shift from ‘industrial policies’, exemplified at the extreme by the traditional planned economy, to ‘the rule of law’. The presented model shows that both strategies could be the best choice at different stages of development.     

Financial development and economic growth in Greece: an empirical investigation with Granger causality analysis

This paper empirically examines the causal relationship between the degree of openness of the economy, financial development and economic growth by using a multivariate autoregressive VAR model in Greece for the examined period 1960:I-2000:IV. The results of cointegration analysis suggest that there is one cointegrated vector among GDP, financial development and the degree of openness of the economy. Granger causality tests based on error correction models show that there is a causal relationship between financial development and economic growth, but also between the degree of openness of the economy and economic growth.     

人工智能对绿色经济增长的作用机制与赋能效果——产业结构优化视角

人工智能作为新一轮科技革命和产业变革的重要抓手,深刻影响着中国绿色发展的路径选择偏向。结合非连续性技术创新理论与中国现实情景,从产业结构优化视角构建人工智能技术赋能绿色增长的逻辑框架,并利用2010—2020年中国省级面板数据检验人工智能的绿色增长效应。结果表明,人工智能通过技术红利效应直接推动绿色经济增长,引入地区高校平均科技产出和《中国制造2025》政策冲击作为工具变量进行内生性修正后,人工智能的绿色增长效应仍显著存在。机制识别揭示,人工智能通过产业结构高级化和合理化驱动绿色经济增长,二者在人工智能绿色增长效应中的相对贡献分别为20.33%和8.35%。异质性分析发现,中国转型经济背景下,人工智能的结构红利在要素市场扭曲程度更低、创新人力资本水平更高、制度环境更完善的地区表现得更为明显,从而可以更充分释放其对绿色增长的赋能效果。拓展性分析发现,人工智能对绿色经济增长具有显著正向空间溢出效应,本地人工智能发展对空间关联地区的绿色发展绩效存在辐射带动作用。聚焦产业结构升级与绿色发展双重视角,可为塑造以人工智能为核心的技术竞争优势、实现经济高质量发展提供理论支撑和经验证据。     

Agricultural Productivity Growth and Escape from the Malthusian Trap

Industrialization allowed the industrialized world of today to escape from the Malthusian regime characterized by low economic and population growth and to enter the post-Malthusian regime of high economic and population growth. To explain the transition between these regimes, we construct a growth model with two consumption goods (an agricultural and a manufacturing good), endogenous fertility, and endogenous technological progress in the manufacturing sector. We show that with an exogenous increase in the growth of agricultural productivity our model is able to replicate stylized facts of the British industrial revolution. The paper concludes by illustrating that our proposed model framework can be extended to include the demographic transition, i.e., a regime in which economic growth is associated with falling fertility.     

数字经济发展与高技术产业创新效率提升——基于中国省级面板数据的实证检验

以数字经济拓展实体经济发展空间，是实现传统经济模式向智能化模式转变、数量型增长模式向质量型增长模式转变的重要手段。采用2013—2019年中国内地30个省域面板数据，在对数字经济发展水平和高技术产业创新效率进行测度分析的基础上，实证检验数字经济对高技术产业创新效率的影响效应。结果表明，数字经济发展能够有效提升高技术产业创新效率，但随着时间推移，影响效应趋于减弱；数字经济发展会强化企业家精神和产业结构升级对高技术产业创新效率提升的边际效应；数字经济发展对高技术产业创新效率的影响存在显著的区域和行业异质性，东西部地区数字经济发展更能有效促进高技术产业创新效率提升，数字经济发展对电子及通信设备制造业创新效率的提升作用更加显著。基于此，提出大力发展数字经济、培育企业家精神、加大研发投入力度、促进区域协调发展等建议。     

珠三角地区产业结构升级与区域经济发展——基于东莞市产业结构升级的实证研究

文章借鉴Feder非均衡模型的思想,构建了一个反映工业发展对经济发展影响的非均衡计量经济模型。模型分析表明,工业部门比非工业部门边际生产率更高,工业部门对非工业部门存在正的外部性,将更多的资本、人力等资源配置到工业部门有利于提高整个经济的生产率水平,推进产业结构升级,促进经济增长。     

技术创新与产业结构转型的地区经济增长效应

选取2006-2016年中国内地30个省（市、区）数据,构建动态空间杜宾模型并结合中介效应模型,研究技术创新影响经济增长的直接效应,以及产业结构转型对经济增长的间接效应。研究结果发现：我国经济增长存在正向空间溢出效应;经济增长具有动态、积极的正向连续性特征。在直接效应方面,本地区技术创新对经济增长呈显著正向影响,而周边地区技术创新呈显著负向影响;产业结构合理化对经济增长呈显著负向影响,产业结构高级化呈显著正向影响;技术创新与产业结构转型融合缓解了产业结构合理化对经济增长的抑制程度,提升了产业结构高级化对经济的促进效果。在间接效应方面,产业结构转型是技术创新与经济增长的中间传导环节,产业结构合理化与产业结构高级化均为正向中介效应。本地区技术创新对经济增长的直接效应大于间接效应,周边技术创新对经济增长的直接效应小于间接效应。     

当代经济社会中工业设计的作用和价值

工业设计虽在我国仅有几十年的发展历程,但却产生了巨大的社会、文化和经济效益。今后如何进一步深化工业设计知识结构,提升工业设计内涵,使其真正成为经济增长的新模式,为当前经济发展做出更大贡献,值得我们认真研究。     

全球化时代的中国经济及其世界性影响

全球化进程决定了中国经济的高度开放,造就了双重资本积累模式,即内资主导的工业化城市化积累和外资主导的全球低端制造平台积累.这一模式加速了中国经济增长,同时削弱了经济自主.反过来,中国对世界经济造成了多方面影响,包括改变劳资利益格局,推动各国产业重组,改变金融市场结构,加强中美金融依赖等,这些影响随着中国的经济增长和结构升级将日趋显著.因此,中国必须立足内需实现可持续增长,并依靠技术创新来控制资源和环境成本.     

A theory of economic development and dynamics of Chinese economy

This paper constructs a theoretical model which captures the recent slowing-down of Chinese economy. In contrast with the previous literature which largely confines its focus on the resource misallocation between inefficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and more efficient private firms under a closed economy setting, this paper re-examines the dynamics of the growth of Chinese economy from the perspective of an open economy. In particular, this paper incorporates heterogeneous outputs and relative prices into the model, where private firms are assumed to be the major exporters and the remaining large SOEs create increasing import demand from the home country. By adding downward sloping world demand curve, our paper predicts a turning point during the transition process, as the falling relative price for exports starts to constrain and eventually slow down the growth; SOEs begin to co-exist with private firms in the economy before it is fully transformed. Our paper provides a theoretical foundation in terms of understanding the current dynamics and institutional change of Chinese economy. Additionally, this paper also provides quantitative evidence on the effects of financial development during the China's economic transition process.