"三农"问题的经济法分析

当前我国的"三农"问题日益严重,已成为我国国民经济和社会发展的瓶颈.党中央国务院也提出把解决好"三农"问题当作全部工作的重中之重.文章从考虑我国"三农"问题的现实及其产生原因出发,以"三农"问题与经济法的契合点为分析点,阐明了经济法律制度是"三农"问题保障的核心制度,并探讨了这一法律制度体系的有效对策.     

农民国民待遇与制度伦理分析--兼论"三农"问题的解决对策

本文试图从制度伦理这一本原层面来探讨"三农"问题的解决途径。首先阐述了制度的本质,论证了制度绩效与制度伦理之间有着密切的正相关关系,并且认为自由与平等是制度伦理的两大基本原则,在此基础上指出,根据制度伦理精神,给予农民国民待遇是解决"三农"问题的必然选择,具体而言,就是废除二元户籍制度,给农民以真正自由的权利;改革不平衡的财税体制,使农民享受到均等的公共品供应和一视同仁的社会保障。     

解决"三农"问题需要农业土地制度第二次创新

过去行之有效的"土地承包制"为什么今天不灵了?产生"三农"问题的制度根源是什么?这一切都根源于现有的土地产权制度。在农业生产领域实现产权制度变革,组建股份制的"土地合作社",是农业土地制度的第二次创新。     

"三农"问题的制度根源与改革思路探析

"三农"问题在我国既是一个历史问题,更是一个制度问题。制度歧视是造成"三农"问题的主要根源。城乡分异的户籍制度造成了农民不平等的社会身份;长期"以农哺工"的产业政策、向上倾斜的财税制度及以城市为中心的公共政策是造成农村贫困、农业落后的主要原因;城乡二元土地管理制度使农民长期承受过多过重的社会负担,造成农民生活贫困化和边缘化;不健全的金融服务体系使农业产业化缺乏有效的资本支持……加快体制改革步伐是解决"三农"问题的根本所在,但土地管理制度、农村社会保障制度以及人才管理制度的改革还需要理论创新的支持。     

解决"三农"问题的根本途径是加快城市化进程

"三农"问题是制约我国经济可持续发展的重要因素.解决"三农"问题、缩小城乡差别的根本途径是加快城市化进程.     

新农村建设视野下"三农"问题的解决——基于新疆部分地区新农村建设实践的思考

"三农"问题与社会主义新农村建设具有不可分割的联系,本文拟通过界定"三农"问题与新农村建设的内涵,分析现阶段农村、农业和农民生活中存在的问题,按建设社会主义新农村的要求,结合新疆农村的实际情况,指出其在解决"三农"问题中的作用,并提出对策.     

解决"三农"问题的障碍与路径

"三农"问题的难点在于解决"三农"问题要实现多种个体目标,而这些个体目标中又隐含多种障碍因素,这些障碍因素的形成既有农村内部的原因,也有农村外部的原因,只有分析这些障碍因素,并寻找出具体原因,选择好相应的路径,消除具体的障碍,才能全面解决"三农"问题.     

论破解"三农"问题和发展农村经济

我国城市经济水平的快速发展使得"三农"问题愈发突出,对于一个农业大国而言,要想取得长久、健康的可持续发展农村经济所起到的作用价值无可取代."三农"问题长期以来一直是困扰我国社会发展的核心症结所在,只有彻底解决了"三农"问题,方可更加良好的促进广大农村居民收入水平的提升,缩小我国的贫富差距,全面促进我国农村经济实现现代化发展,并为广大农村经济的繁荣发展打下坚实的基础.本文将就如何破解"三农"问题以及发展农村经济展开具体的分析与探讨.     

"三农"问题:历史的回顾与现实的展望

十六大提出了全面建设小康社会的伟大目标 ,但“三农”问题依然是实现这个目标的最大障碍之一。本文主要通过对有关“三农”问题理论的历史回顾 ,指出了理论与实际相脱离是“三农”问题陷入困境的根本原因所在 ,强调了只有从中国“三农”的现实情况出发 ,理论联系实际 ,才能在加速工业化中逐渐解决“三农”问题     

体制转型期“三农”问题东西部差异的理论诠释与政策建议

改革开放以来,我国城乡"二元结构"体制转型为城乡劳动力流动提供了制度保障,在很大程度上降低了因劳动力流动限制和户籍制度等体制因素对城乡差距扩大的影响,"二元结构"体制不能解释目前我国"三农"问题加剧现象."三农"问题的东西部地区差异表明,西部地区因交易效率低、分工演进慢、农村工业化进程受阻,导致大量农村富余劳动力沉淀,农民收入增长困难,是我国"三农"问题日趋严重的主要诱因.这一问题的根本解决,必须依赖西部地区农村工业化的实现,根本路径就是加速西部地区农村工业的发展.     

新经济地理学中的制度转向与区域发展

近年来,伴随着资本主义社会经济转型和全球化,资本主义进入了制度重建的新阶段,社会科学日益重视“制度”因素的作用。经济地理学强调制度、文化对区域发展的影响,提出了经济地理学的“制度转向”。文章深入分析西方学者提出的制度转向、制度厚度概念及与区域发展关系的基础上,进行理论评析,并简要探讨对中国区域发展的启示。     

A Proposed Methodological Synthesis of Post-Keynesian and Institutional Economics

Post-Keynesian and institutionalist writers have commented on the theoretical and conceptual commonalities between the two schools. Some have suggested a theoretical synthesis based on these commonalities. In spite of these theoretical and conceptual commonalities each tradition has developed significantly different methods of analysis. Instead of theoretical or conceptual synthesis we seek here to present a methodological synthesis.

Institutionalist methods have yielded "plausible" explanations, but these have been too "vague and suggestive" to be consistently used for economic policy. Post-Keynesian methods have policy necessary "rigor," but the similarity to neoclassical methods has exposed post-Keynesian theories to unwarranted synthesis with incompatible traditions.

This essay presents a synthesis of post-Keynesian and institutionalist methodology, one of "plausible rigor," combining elements of "institutional dynamics" with a heuristic framework based on John Dewey's "instrumental logic," and proposes that the resulting approach overcomes weaknesses in the methods of analysis of both schools.     

Institutional Approaches to Economic Development: The Current Status of the Debate

The recent publication of "Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and History" (Chang 2011a) has stimulated a thought-provoking debate, and has brought forth a wide-ranging demonstration of the theoretical arsenal of the new institutional economics. The debate proves that, as of yet, no satisfactory theory of institutions has been articulated, nor is there an agreement on the relationship between institutional change and the politics of development. It also demonstrates the presence of two distinct lines of research: ideological and political, both of which rely on different theoretical legacies, and embody distinct economic worldviews. This scenario allows a summary of the argument in the most recent literature to be made on the relationship between institutions and development, as well as to relate the debate to the concept of development as a process of expansion of capacities.     

Apology and Ambiguity: Adolf Berle on Corporate Power

A sociocognitive foundation for transformative agency requires much deeper exploration to adequately understand the causal origins of human interests, preferences, and choices as they shape both the emergence of institutions and the process of institutional change. In the collegial spirit of rapprochement, reminiscent of earlier efforts at “bridge-building,” our central contention is that the new institutional economics of “late” Douglass C. North (2005) North, Douglass C. Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar] provides such a sociocognitive approach, as well as an important ontological frame for dealing with embedded agency. This agency may afford original institutional economics a complementary meta-theoretical account of how institutions are formed and changed over time.     

The Social Psychological Underpinnings of Commons’s Institutional Economics: The Significance of Dewey’s Human Nature and Conduct

The institutional environment of science differs across countries. Its particularities have an impact on productivity of scientific enterprise in terms of both research and teaching. Reform of the system of higher education occupies an important place in programs of catch-up modernization. Attempts to replicate Western institutional arrangements and organizational designs in this area have been undertaken in Russia since the very beginning of economic and political reforms of the 1990s. This paper considers a particular transplant, the Higher School of Economics (HSE) established in 1992, and its subsequent evolution. A structural analysis shows its divergence from the organizational patterns that served as a model. The HSE case is compared with several "representative" Western universities as well as other Russian universities. When explaining divergent patterns between the HSE and the Western counterparts, special attention is paid to the issue of power relationships and their role in the functioning of the scientific organization. The paper aims to contribute to the discussion of "cultural entrepreneurs" and their motivation.     

制度参数、国家规模与后发国"蛙跳"

文章首先构建了一个有关先发国家与后发国家之间技术扩散的正规模型,该模型将制度背景作为一个参数引入,借以从形式上分析制度背景对技术进步及经济增长过程的影响;模型的动态分析从形式上展现了后发国家在技术水平上超越先发国家("蛙跳")的全过程,并推论出后发国成功实现"蛙跳"的先决条件是:后发国由制度参数与经济规模参数所决定的综合参数能够由比先发国低的值跃升为比先发国高的值。此外,文章还基于经济制度由相关利益主体间制度博弈均衡所决定的这一分析框架,进一步尝试性地解释了制度参数变化的非均匀性,并对中国未来实现"蛙跳"的可能性进行了分析。     

区域经济一体化的机制与效应--基于制度距离的空间发展解释

面对后疫情时代、逆全球化的复杂环境以及"双循环"国家发展战略新要求,消除阻碍要素流动与配置壁垒、促进区域经济一体化的意义更为迫切。但是如何深刻地观察和衡量制度壁垒的空间效应在实践中是一个难题,也缺乏相应的有效理论支撑。经济地理学的制度转向带来了研究焦点从"物与结构"向"制度"转变,文章将新制度经济学中的"制度距离"概念引入区域空间经济研究中,认为由于地方之间的制度环境和制度安排差异所导致的"制度距离",为区域空间经济分析提供了新的理论视角与测度方法。文章揭示了区域空间发展中制度距离的作用机制,初步构建了影响区域经济一体化的空间经济分析解释框架,基于制度距离与空间距离建立了二维分析象限,分析了三种典型的区域空间效应表征类型。     

地方政府意志与民营经济的发展:"温州模式"生成中的互惠性动力

20世纪最后20年,温州赶超式发展的良好表现得益于温州模式。在这场以制度先发性转型为标志的变革中,地方政府与温州民间改革力量之间存在着稳定的以"互惠"为基础的生产性政治关系。地方政府为自下而上的民间变革力量提供了关键的导引和护佑。这种内含地方政府意志的变革动力直接促使了传统体制在局部地区的消弭和瓦解,并最终经由集中式产权的分散和私有,完成计划配给向自由交易的回归。     

政府制度供给与乡村合作运动——基于20世纪前半期中国乡村社会经济史视阈分析

20世纪前半期,为挽救行将崩溃的农村经济,国民政府推行了以乡村合作运动为中心的"供给主导型"制度变迁,促使了合作社大量快速设立。但是合作社发展受到了来自于财政金融体制的制约,根源在于政府有效制度供给能力不足及制度建设协调性缺失。实际上,同时作用于乡村的各种制度共同组成了社会的"制度系统"(如与合作社相关的行政、财政金融、土地等制度),制度间耦合关系决定了任何一项制度都必须与其他制度相结合才能发挥作用。此外,制度供给还要与政府的"社会动员"相结合,以形成政府力量与乡村民众之间的"共振"。否则,社会经济变迁极有可能会陷入"头重脚轻"的困境。     

An Evaluation of Institutional Matrices Theory Which Was Designed to Illustrate Differences Between Russian and Western Political Economies

This article is devoted to the evaluation of the institutional matrices theory (IMT), which was designed to illustrate the differences between Russian and Western political economic systems. IMT has no matrix, and it is an ideological declaration rather than a theory. It is a set of assertions and assumptions that are adopted without evidence, and then hypostatized to be Russian and Western socioeconomic systems. IMT literature claims to utilize the reciprocity, redistribution, and exchange model of Karl Polanyi (1944 Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation. New York, NY: Rinehart &; Company, 1944. [Google Scholar], 1957 Polanyi, Karl. “The Economy as Instituted Process.” In Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory, edited by Karl Polanyi, Conrad M. Arensberg and Harry W. Pearson, pp. 239-270. New York, NY: Free Press, 1957. [Google Scholar]). However, IMT suffers from a number of assumptive and methodological problems in its application, the first of which consists of the complete exclusion of reciprocity from consideration. The first section of the article is an explanation of problems with IMT, and the second section demonstrates some particulars of the IMT problems with a real-world social fabric matrix from a Western nation.