大同市节水农业可持续发展对策探讨

大同属严重缺水城市,农业水资源匮乏。发展节水农业,对调整农业结构,增加农民收入,加快农业现代化具有重要意义。文中介绍了大同市节水农业发展现状及面临的问题,并提出了可持续发展建议。     

建设旱区农业 推动农业经济持续发展

水是农业的命脉 ,农业生产的基本要素就是耕地和水。河北农业的发展受资源约束较强、最重要的是水资源严重不足 ,干旱缺水问题突出。如何在干旱缺水的实际情况下 ,实现农业和农村经济的持续、快速、健康发展 ,是河北农业发展的一个战略性的大问题。一、发展旱区农业势在必行(一 )发展旱区农业可以解决水资源匮乏的现实问题。河北省水资源总量仅占全国的 0 65 % ,人均、亩均水资源只有全国水平的 10 %和 8 5 %。干旱、半干旱耕地占耕地面积的 2 3,这些耕地主要集中在山、坝干旱地区 ,也是国家级、省级贫困人口集中的地方。所以说 ,水资…     

产业用水分析的水资源投入产出模型研究

设计出一种具有实际可操作性的水资源投入产出表编制方法,依据水资源投入产出表建立产业直接用水系数、完全用水系数和用水乘数的计算模型,选择缺水较为严重的宁夏地区进行实证研究。计算结果表明,产业间接用水具有极强的隐蔽性,分析产业用水时,不能简单以直接用水系数衡量产业发展对水资源的需求,应正确区分产业用水性质,为缺水地区制定合理的产业发展策略提供决策支持。     

浅析中水技术的发展与应用

改革开放以来，城市总体水平有了很大的提高，同时随着社会经济活动对水资源需求的增大，以及对水体造成的污染，哈尔滨市已成为缺水城市，水资源的短缺已成为制约城市城市化进展的重要因素。作为解决水资源的短缺的方法，从其他地区调水以满足当前用水不失为一种创新之举，但水资源短缺条件下城市发展的真正出路应在于：(1)在合理利用水资源的前提下，充分提高现有水资源的使用效率和效益；(2)开发、利用替代水资源，积极开发低质水，如使用再生水，建设中水工程：(3)保护水资源，实现城市的可持续发展。     

新思维

缺水城市水价应高额累进全国政协委员、水利部副部长胡四一"两会"期间表示,面对严峻的水资源形势,我国已经确定将实行最严格的水资源管理制度。缺水城市水价要高额累进加价。要建立健全合理的水价形成机制,既要充分体现我国水资源紧缺     

中国水资源短缺的空间格局及缺水类型

水资源短缺已经成为制约中国社会经济发展的重要因素之一,水资源的短缺不仅受水资源量的影响,管理水平及社会适应能力对水资源短缺的影响也越来越大,综合评判水资源的短缺程度及其成因成为应对水资源短缺的基础。运用层次分析法从水资源的资源量、供水能力、利用效率和社会适应能力四个方面构建综合评价水资源短缺的指标体系,并据此评价各省份水资源的短缺程度及其原因。研究表明:从东南沿海各省向北向西,水资源缺水程度增加,北方13省份为水资源紧缺区,西南水资源量丰富的云南、贵州也是水资源紧缺区;较高的供水能力、水资源利用效率和社会适应能力缓解了水资源匮乏地区的缺水程度,反之亦然。水资源短缺的类型可归为资源性缺水、工程性缺水、管理性缺水和适应性缺水。水资源短缺程度为极度紧缺和紧缺的15省份中,11省份有资源性缺水、9省份有适应性缺水、7省份有管理性缺水,6省份有工程性缺水原因,每个省份至少有一种缺水原因。     

论述城市建设水资源综合利用中的节能减排

水资源的综合利用,有利于生态环境的维护。目前,水资源短缺地区多,缺水现象严重,国际对此也提出了对于节约水资源的规范,让人们能够更好的节约水资源,使水资源合理利用,遵循可持续发展的道路。城市中水资源综合利用中的节能减排必不可少,对于人类的发展有着重要的意义。     

东北干旱地区发展现代高水效农业的路径

东北地区在我国粮食生产和调配方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。国务院常务会议通过《吉林省增产百亿斤商品粮能力建设总体规划》,标志着东北地区成为保障国家粮食安全的重要增量因素。然而,东北地区水资源占有量又与其粮食主产区的地位和需要极不相称,以占全国9%的农业用水创造了全国16%的粮食产出。靠天吃饭、干旱缺水已成为东北农业生产的最大威胁。应当通过促进农艺抗旱节水措施的应用、加强农业用水服务管理的效率、不失时机地推进种植结构的调整等渠道,突破水资源瓶颈,发展现代高水效农业。     

基于广州市水资源供需平衡分析的实证研究

在经济高速发展的同时,缺水、水污染、水生态环境恶化等一系列问题日益突出,制约着广州经济的发展,部分地区出现水质性缺水,经济发展对水资源需求的增长同水资源缺乏和污染之间的矛盾日益尖锐。文章通过对水资源近期和长期需求的预测来反映未来广州市不同时点水资源的供需能力,并对广州市水资源的可持续利用与发展提出了相应建议。     

西部县域经济发展再思考--以澄城县为例

西部的大部分地区工业化程度不高,农业是西部的主要产业,农业在西部的生态经济建设中有着极其重要的地位。一方面,农业是西部生态环境影响最大的产业,农业开发方式不当,破坏植被,造成严重的水土流失,是西部主要生态问题,在西北集中表现为干旱缺水。另一方面,农业又是受生态恶化影响最大的产业,特别是水资源的短缺和配置不合理,使得农业     

全球粮食危机背景下的埃及农业发展和中埃农业技术合作建议

农业在埃及经济社会发展中历来占据首要地位。在当今世界粮食短缺、粮价暴涨、发展中国家粮食安全受到严重威胁的特殊时刻,积极促进农业发展,努力增加粮食产量,是目前埃及政府面临的头等大事。本报告通过分析埃及现阶段的环境、地理和人口概况,以及埃及在全球粮食危机冲击下受到的诸多影响,阐述农业发展和粮食供应对于埃及的重要意义。通过研究埃及最新的农业发展情况和一些重要数据及指标,以及《埃及经济社会发展第六个“五年规划”2007—2012》中有关农业发展的若干政策,介绍埃及的农业技术研究体系和推广体系,结合我国科技援外总体战略,就未来中埃农业科技合作提出建议：探索以育种和种质资源合作、农业机械化技术合作、沙漠化治理、土壤改良及旱作农业作为重点领域;建议突出科技在中非农业合作中的重要性,强化培训、建立农业科技示范试点和规划农业战略基地。通过加强中埃及中非农业合作,推动我国农业国际化进程。     

缺水型城市水资源供需匹配的模拟和预测——以甘肃省兰州市为例

兰州属于严重缺水的西北城市,年均降雨量偏少,地表水资源贫乏,水资源供需矛盾不断加剧。文章采用线性和非线性方程形式对兰州市农业、工业、生态和城乡生活用水需求进行模拟和预测,并在不同的水资源供给方案下得到未来时期内兰州市及各区县的时空匹配缺水量。结果显示:未来兰州市水资源短缺问题较为严重,可预测的缺水量最小值为4.605亿m^3/a,缺水量最大值为15.448亿m^3/a。在未来需水量预测中,农业和生态用水需求呈现为不断上升趋势,工业用水需求呈现为“U”型趋势,城乡生活用水需求呈现为倒“U”型趋势。并且,各区县的水资源空间匹配失衡状况较为严重。     

The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water use as a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities

The volume of international trade in agricultural commodities is increasing faster than the global volume of production, which is an indicator of growing international dependencies in the area of food supply. Although less obvious, it also implies growing international dependencies in the field of water supply. By importing food, countries also import water in virtual form. The aim of the paper is to assess the water footprints of Morocco, a semi-arid/arid country, and the Netherlands, a humid country. The water footprint of a country is defined as the volume of water used for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The internal water footprint is the volume of water used from domestic water resources; the external water footprint is the volume of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The study shows that both Morocco and the Netherlands import more water in virtual form (in the form of water-intensive agricultural commodities) than they export, which makes them dependent on water resources elsewhere in the world. The water footprint calculations show that Morocco depends for 14% on water resources outside its own borders, while the Netherlands depend on foreign water resources for 95%. It is shown that international trade can result in global water saving when a water-intensive commodity is traded from an area where it is produced with high water productivity to an area with lower water productivity. If Morocco had to domestically produce the products that are now imported from the Netherlands, it would require 780 million m³/year. However, the imported products from the Netherlands were actually produced with only 140 million m³/year, which implies a global water saving of 640 million m³/year.     

快速城镇化对山东省粮食生产的挑战

随着经济的快速发展,中国城镇化水平不断提高。在快速城镇化发展过程中,大量耕地资源被城市建设占用,大批农村劳动力进入城市,农业水资源紧张态势日趋严峻,农业产业结构调整使粮食作物种植面积不断减少,这些都对粮食生产和粮食安全产生了不利影响。因此,要协调好城镇化发展和粮食生产的关系,合理规划城镇用地,以保障粮食生产及安全。     

世界农业发展趋势与中国特色农业现代化道路的战略选择

不同农业发达国家发展现代农业的道路可分为三种类型:劳动节约型、土地节约型和综合性技术进步型。结合世界现代农业的发展趋势,综合考虑我国人多地少、农业自然资源相对不足的现实和突出存在的农业发展制约因素,当前我国现代农业应选择综合性技术进步型发展模式。     

Identification of national priority areas for adaptation to climate change in China

The problem of global warming has been identified as the first in the list of the top ten environmental problems in the world. As climate change will seriously affect the social and natural world that people live in, so it may lay serious repercussions on economic progress, social improvement, and sustainable development. International bodies everywhere and many of the countries＇ governments are responding urgently to this call In recent years, climate change has affected different regions in China in different ways. In its national agenda, the Chinese government should address the problem of climate change and its negative impact on socio-economic development. In this endeavor the nation should introduce policies which will help its people and economy to adapt to these effects and changes. Priority-fields of adaptation to climate change are the sensitive areas or departments which are more vulnerable to the negative influences of climate change. The negative impacts of climate change in some parts of China are considered to be very serious indeed as they affect the whole economy and community. As a result, priority should be given to these more affected regions for the limited state financing. This paper defines adaptation and discusses the basic principles and programs in the identi.fication of national priority areas where adaptation should be exercised. Based on the past studies, four priority areas in China are identified, namely, disaster prevention and mitigation, water resources, agriculture, and ecosystem. An analysis on the identification procedures, and the reasons and tasks involved are given for each.     

The external water footprint of the Netherlands: Geographically-explicit quantification and impact assessment

This study quantifies the external water footprint of the Netherlands by partner country and import product and assesses the impact of this footprint by contrasting the geographically-explicit water footprint with water scarcity in the different parts of the world. The total water footprint of the Netherlands is estimated to be about 2300 m³/year/cap, of which 67% relates to the consumption of agricultural goods, 31% to the consumption of industrial goods, and 2% to domestic water use. The Dutch water footprint related to the consumption of agricultural goods, is composed as follows: 46% related to livestock products; 17% oil crops and oil from oil crops; 12% coffee, tea, cocoa and tobacco; 8% cereals and beer; 6% cotton products; 5% fruits; and 6% other agricultural products. About 11% of the water footprint of the Netherlands is internal and 89% is external. Only 44% of virtual-water import relates to products consumed in the Netherlands, thus constituting the external water footprint. For agricultural products this is 40% and for industrial products this is 60%. The remaining 56% of the virtual-water import to the Netherlands is re-exported. The impact of the external water footprint of Dutch consumers is highest in countries that experience serious water scarcity. Based on indicators for water scarcity the following eight countries have been identified as most seriously affected: China; India; Spain; Turkey; Pakistan; Sudan; South Africa; and Mexico. This study shows that Dutch consumption implies the use of water resources throughout the world, with significant impacts in water-scarce regions.     

试论水权转让过程中农民用水权益的保护

我国水资源严重短缺的基本国情使农村的供水与用水的矛盾越来越突出,加上城市和工业对水的需求日益扩大,农业水权的转让逐渐成为一种趋势。在农业水权转让的过程中,农民用水权益的保护成为了亟须重视的问题。目前我国农业水权转让制度不健全,使农业水权在向其他领域转让过程中出现了损害农民用水权益的现象。因而,分析农业水权在转让过程中对农民用水权益的影响因素,从而提出保护对策,为完善农民用水权益保障机制提供基础。     

农业资源高效集约利用是贵州喀斯特地区农业持续发展的根本途径

贵州是我国贫困人口集中,分困面积大,贫困程度深的省份之一,由于喀斯特生态环境特点和历史原因,人均耕地面积小,水资源利用率低,农业单产水平低下,土地利用不充分,生态系统稳定性差。如果仍保持目前的资源利用效率,要保持今后经济的持续发展和改善不断增和工的人口的生存和发展条件是不可能的。     

Sustainable development of Shandong peninsula Peninsula urban agglomeration: a scenario analysis based on water shortage and water environment changes

China has experienced a rapid urbanization since late 1970s. The great increase of urban population has resulted in various environmental changes, of which urban water shortage and water environment problems have occurred in most cities, especially in the rapidly developing urban agglomerations in the eastern coastal region. This research, taking Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration (SPUA) as a case study area, analyzes the urbanization expansion in the last decades, discusses the water shortage and water environment changes following the rapid economic development and urbanization such as groundwater sinking in the urban and plain area, sea water and salt-water intrusion in the coastal cities, water pollution overspreading and "water ecosystem degradation, and puts forwards some strategies for sustainability in populous regions with severe water shortage. Some countermeasures for sustainable development of SPUA are put forward, such as modern water resources inter-city networks to regulate water resource between cities, adjusting urbanization policy and urban scale planning to promote the development of small towns and medium sized cities, optimizing urban industry structure by restricting high water consumption enterprises and stimulating the growth of tertiary industry, improving water use efficient to reduce freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge, introducing economic means to water pricing and water management system. and restoring ecological conditions to strengthen the natural water-making capacity.