最低工资制度对我国区域城镇就业的影响

本文对我国东、中、西部三大区域最低工资制度对城市就业的影响进行了研究,首先,对三大区域最低工资实施概况及特点进行了分析,其次,运用面板数据模型对三大区域最低工资标准对城镇就业的影响进行了计量分析,最后根据模型计量结论提出了相应的政策建议。     

最低工资提升的劳动供给效应:一个基于自然实验的经验研究

本文以2005年和2006年之间中国各省市最低工资的提升作为一项自然实验,使用就业方程和工作时间方程控制个体异质性,应用“双重差分法”分析了最低工资提升的劳动供给效应.研究结果表明:最低工资提升对女性就业产生了显著的负面影响,对男性周工作时间产生了显著的正面影响;随着最低工资提升幅度的逐渐增大,其对女性就业的负面影响越来越大,对男性工作时间的正面影响也越来越大;当最低工资提升30％以上时,其对男性就业也产生了显著的负面影响.因此,为了保证最低工资在提高低技能劳动力工资水平的同时,不会对其劳动供给产生较大负面影响,最低工资提升应该是一个适度渐进的过程.     

最低工资对农民工就业的影响

我国工业化和城市化的发展都离不开农民工，农民工这一新成长起来的群体为经济和社会的发展做出巨大贡献。目前，农民工劳动市场供大于求和工资低廉已是不争的事实，文章旨在通过分析农民工劳动力市场，探讨最低工资制度对农民工就业的影响，并分析其中的原因。提出完善最低工资制度的政策和建议。     

最低工资调整对就业的影响

认识最低工资调整对就业的影响,需在居民户与厂商之间建立的劳动要素供求关系下展开,并从影响厂商生产的各类因素中去具体把握。文章以作者所在地区的服务行业为考察对象,就最低工资调整对就业的影响展开讨论。最低工资政策构成了我国保障事业的重要内容,该政策是以马克思主义理论为基础,结合中国国情的民生保障举措。目前的影响主要反映在:主要增大低端劳动力的供给、较难改善劳资双方议价地位、倒逼企业提高资本有机构成、制约初创企业原始资本积累。     

最低工资对广东省的就业影响研究

本文采用广东省1996～2007年的时间序列数据,运用协整定理以及脉冲响应函数,对最低工资的就业效应进行实证分析。结果表明,最低工资的提高会对就业产生正影响。因此,广东省应结合当地的实际情况适时调整最低工资,使其真正成为低收入阶层的有利保障。     

区域经济发展对大学毕业生就业流向的影响 及引导对策研究

区域经济发展对毕业生就业区域流向有着重要影响:区域经济增长影响毕业生需求量、区域政策制度影响毕业生心理偏好、区域工资收入水平影响毕业生目标选择、区域环境影响毕业生职后发展预期.河南作为欠发达地区,经济发展较为落后,可从增强河南区域就业吸引力、确定毕业生就业最低工资标准、拓宽毕业生职后发展空间、转变毕业生家庭择业观等方面加大力度引导毕业生流向河南就业,推动区域经济发展.     

人力资源和社会保障部：将农民工纳入失业统计

日前，人力资源和社会保障部向各地发出稳定就业形势的通知，要求在近期暂缓调整企业最低工资标准，部分地区适当降低保险缴费费率：并要求劳动力输入省份，将已在用工地稳定就业半年以上失去工作的农民工纳入失业登记。     

最低工资制度的执行力度和影响因素研究——以农村转移劳动力为例

文章利用2011年浙江省杭州市最低工资标准调整的契机,调查分析了新的工资标准实施前后最低工资制度在农村转移劳动力中的执行力度及其影响因素。研究发现,工资标准的提高使农村转移劳动力的最低工资标准执行力度由原先的80%降低到70%左右;最低工资制度在提升劳动者收入上发挥了一些效果。研究显示,企业性质、企业规模和企业所处的地理位置均是影响最低工资制度执行力度的因素;劳动者的人力资本水平也是影响执行力度的重要因素。文章认为,当前的最低工资制度存在着工资标准过低和执行力度不足的问题,大幅度削弱了该政策提升劳动者工资的作用。     

2004年以后中国最低工资对就业率的影响

自2004年中国颁布《最低工资规定》以来,最低工资的调增越来越频繁,执行力度也有所加强。本文使用省级宏观面板数据和9个主要省份的微观家庭纵向数据评估2004到2011年期间最低工资变化对就业的影响。与之前研究得到的结果有所不同,本文认为当年最低工资对就业有显著地促进作用,并且对中部地区促进作用较大,对青年工人就业的促连作用较大。     

如何理解和运用最低工资制度

随着劳动力市场从金融危机的影响中恢复，金融危机之前劳动力市场规制加强的趋势重新出现。一个突出的表现就是，最近几个月已有多省市陆续大幅提高当地的最低工资水平，这引起了广泛的关注和讨论。在中国当前的经济发展阶段和劳动力市场形势下，完善最低工资制度是劳动力市场制度建设的重要环节。而作为一项政策工具，合理地使用、调整最低工资标准，将有助于劳动力市场的健康发展，并推动社会经济的良性发展。     

最低工资制在完全与不完全市场中的影响——一个理论分析框架

本文通过构建一个包含产品市场和劳动力市场的模型,分析了最低工资制度在社会、经济等方面的影响,并得出以下结论:如果企业是市场工资率的被动接受者,则推行最低工资制度在促进劳动者福利提升的同时,会以减损社会总福利为代价,同时社会总产出水平下降;如果企业对市场工资率有影响能力,则通过最低工资制度提高就业者工资率水平,这不仅会促进劳动者福利的提升,同时也会造成社会总福利的改进,社会总产出水平上升。以此为基础,结合当前中国的社会实际,对于最低工资制度的实施提供了相关的政策建议。     

Legal Minimum Wages and Employment Duration

We estimate the effect of minimum wages on employment duration using event history data from the 1988-1994 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Existing literature takes two alternative tracks: Some studies predict reduced turnover due to rents created by minimum wages, others focus on the expected increase in turnover due to reduced job amenities and imperfect information. We find that for men, the net effect of a minimum wage depends on its magnitude relative to the typical wage in the local labor market. We find some evidence that where the minimum wage is low, separation rates for men hired at the minimum wage are reduced. We also find that as the relative value of the minimum wage rises, separation hazards increase. We interpret these findings as evidence that rents may accrue to minimum wage workers, but that the job matching process is undermined when the minimum wage binds.     

The Wage and Employment Dynamics of Minimum Wage Workers

This study uses panel data to examine the wage and employment dynamics of minimum wage workers. Compared with workers earning above the minimum, minimum wage workers are much more likely to be new entrants or to exit the labor market. Changes in industry, occupation, and access to job training are particularly important to improving the wages of minimum wage workers. Many minimum wage workers earn less than their potential wage temporarily because of nonwork circumstances that make higher-paying jobs less attractive.     

On the heterogeneous short‐term effects of minimum wages on labor demand

A strand of the literature documents no effects or even positive effects of a higher minimum wage on employment. This evidence is frequently linked to the existence of monopsonistic labor markets or search frictions. However, empirical studies show that these findings could be related to a low short‐term minimum wage–employment elasticity in a competitive labor market. We show that mixed theoretical employment effects of a minimum wage policy can be predicted in the short term in assignment economies with price‐taker agents and no search frictions.     

美国最低工资制度的发展及启示

美国最低工资有联邦与州之分。由于适用普遍性与合理工资水平之间的内在紧张难以消除,最低工资呈向下发展趋势。为了补足最低工资的低水平,20世纪90年代,一些地方政府启动了生活工资立法,形成新的最低工资形式。我国最低工资实施的背景与美国有相似之处,可考虑借鉴其经验,构建多元最低工资结构,这种多元结构应建立在劳动者"参与中心型"的立法机制之上。     

The Response of Hours of Work to Increases in the Minimum Wage

This paper examines the effect of minimum wage increases on the hours of work of teenagers (ages 16 to 19) using monthly data from the Current Population Survey. Our findings are consistent with the prediction from neoclassical theory that minimum wage increases have a negative effect on labor demand. However, the estimates we provide here for the elasticity of hours of teen labor demanded with respect to the minimum wage suggest that alternative estimates based on aggregate employment consistently understate the total impact of minimum wage increases on teenage labor utilization.     

What is Behind Increasing Wage Inequality in Mexico?

We evaluate the impact of the educational expansion and changes in labor market institutions on wage inequality among Mexican workers using a simulation technique proposed by Knight and Sabot [The American Economic Review 73(5) (1983) 1132–1136]. We conclude that while increases in the relative rate of return of higher education would have induced an increase in wage inequality, changes in the composition of the educational distribution would have led to a stronger decline in wage inequality. Instead, increased wage inequality is largely explained by changes in Mexican labor market institutions; namely, unionization rate and minimum wages.     

Hours and Wages in the Depression: British Engineering, 1926–1938

On their intensive margins, firms in the British engineering industry adjusted to the severe falls in demand during the 1930s Depression by cutting hours of work. This provided an important means of reducing labor input and marginal labor costs through movements from overtime to short-time schedules. Nominal basic wage rates dropped relatively modestly while their real wage equivalents continued to rise throughout the trough years of the recession. This paper provides detailed labor market and empirical analysis of the hours and wage adjustment processes. Quantitative work is based on cell data from a panel of 28 local labor markets for the period 1926–38.     

Estimating the earnings returns to exam-measured unobserved ability in China's urban labor market: Evidence for 2002–2013

China's education system uses exams to measure students' ability. How does the labor market reward the ability that raises exam scores? This paper uses proxies to estimate the labor market returns to ‘exam ability’ in China. The estimated returns to one standard deviation of the ‘exam ability’ are 8% in 2002, 12% in 2007, and 7% in 2013 for the urban population with local hukou and high school and above education. The exam ability explains more wage variation than years of schooling or the level of education degree. There is still a significant amount of unexplained wage variation. It is possible that there are more important labor market skills that are not captured by schooling and exam scores.     

我国最低工资模式完善研究——以香港地区的争论为借鉴

最低工资制度是我国的重要制度,但在实践中因为实施效果不佳而饱受争议,运行模式的具体选择是影响其实践效果的重要因素。近年来,我国香港地区对是否实行最低工资以及如何选择最低工资模式进行了激烈的争论。这种争论对我国大陆地区最低工资运行模式的选择有着重要的借鉴意义。我们应在坚持实行地方标准的同时,考虑特殊行业或工种的需要,制定行业标准或工种标准对其加以补充。