西方马克思主义：修正抑或发展——一种新的理解的尝试

我国学界对西方马克思主义的研究．长期以来要么持一种“修正论”的态度,要么持一种“发展论”的观点。这种简单的“二分法”及其争论影响了西方马克思主义的评价和研究。本文试图进行一种新的理解的尝试,认为西方马克思主义是一种由众多理论组成的驳杂理论．既需要细致地研究每一种理论与马克思主义的关系,也需要细致地研究每一个代表人物在不同历史阶段的思想变化,以及对每一种理论、每一种观点、每一个人物的思想进行细致的、具体的研究和分析,才能使西方马克思主义的研究处在同一平面而有利于展开对话,继而可以作出相对合理的、甚至正确的评价,使其研究得到深入开展。     

A Psychographic Examination of Environmental Orientations

ABSTRACT

As concern about the environment increases, research is needed to help public policy marketers more fully understand and respond to the various aspects of this phenomenon. Of particular interest is (1) whether there exists a multiplicity of approaches to environmental concern and (2) whether it is possible to provide a rich multivariate explanation of each approach. This research goes beyond the often used univariate, demographic basis for describing environmentalism by undertaking a multivariate, psychographic examination of environmentalism. Responses to environmental activity, interest and opinion statements were gathered from 246 adult repsondents. The data were factor analyzed, resulting in five factors, each yielding a rich psychographic interpretation. The study provides unique, multidimensional insight into the manner in which each orientation is environmentally concerned. The study goes on to suggest ways in which public policy marketers can reach each of the environmental orientations and themes to which each is likely to respond.     

Dual consumer–organisation identification in international alliances and partnerships: consumers’ supportive intentions towards local and foreign firms

This study investigates whether firms that are evaluating potential partners might benefit from considering how consumers view these organisations, specifically the extent to which consumer identification with local and foreign partners influences consumer satisfaction with a co-branded product and consumers’ post purchase/consumption supportive intentions towards each partner. Data came from institutions of higher education in Hong Kong and Sri Lanka that operate in collaboration with a foreign partner. A conceptual model was developed and then tested using structural equation modelling. Dual consumer–organisation identification was found to be a significant predictor of consumer satisfaction with the co-branded product and consumers’ supportive intentions towards each partner. Furthermore, the perceived identity attractiveness of each partner was significantly related to the consumers’ identification with each partner. The results suggest that organisations which indulge in collaborative arrangements with foreign firms should recognise that each partner plays a significant and distinct role in generating consumer satisfaction and positive post-purchase/consumption behaviours.     

基于可信度计算的分布式共识合作感知算法

对于分布式的认知无线网络,由于不存在融合中心节点,次级用户节点之间的合作感知往往 采用信息交互的渠道进行,其中一种基于共识合作的感知机制受到广泛的研究,但这种机制 在鲁棒性方面存在一定的缺陷,当恶意节点存在时,其错误信息将影响局部的感知判决结果 ,为此,提出一种基于感知节点可信度的共识合作感知机制。在该机制中,各节点对邻居节 点的可信度进行计算,并把计算出的可信度值发送给其他节点,通过对各节点可信度的累加 计算,最终计算出各节点的可信度,各节点以此决定是否与其邻居节点合作以及如何合作。 仿真结果证明,在恶意节点存在的情况下,该算法在感知性能和收敛速度上都较未改进算法 有不同程度的提升,减轻了不可靠节点对合作感知结果的影响。     

一种实用的域内标记算法及其公平性

本文从6个方面对WTO有关协定的英文文本的语言特点作了分析,结 合翻译实践经验,对其翻译提出些建设性的意见。     

GENERIC AND MANUFACTURERS' BRAND GROCERY PRODUCTS: THE ISSUE OF QUALITY*

This paper reports the results of an investigation of taste perceptions and preferences for three generic and three manufacturers' brand grocery products: dry roasted peanuts, apple sauce and powdered orange drink mix. Blind taste tests of a generic and of a manufacturer's brand in each of these product categories were conducted. Respondents evaluated each item in terms of several physical attributes associated with each of the products. In addition, measures of the perceived similarity and of the preference for the items within each of the three product categories were collected. A multi-attribute model was employed to predict respondent's preferences, and the predictive accuracy was found to be quite high. Implications of the findings for consumers and home economists are discussed.     

Anticounterfeiting Strategies and Their Influence on Attitudes of Different Counterfeit Consumer Types

This article reports the findings of two studies that were designed to determine the effectiveness of several anticounterfeiting strategies on the counterfeit purchasing behavior of the participants, through a mixed methods research approach. In Study 1, in‐depth interviews were conducted with 50 consumers of counterfeit brands in order to investigate their attitudes. Drawing on the results, which revealed four different consumer types (struggle, spurious, indifferent, and liberated), Study 2 was undertaken with a further 128 consumers (32 from each type) to further define each group's type and identify the best anticounterfeit strategies suited to each. The findings suggest that counterfeit purchasing may be reduced if a specific strategy is adapted to suit each typology. Overall, positive rather than negative strategies were found to be more effective for the struggle and spurious consumers compared with indifferent and liberated consumers. The findings also reveal that the acquisition of affordable genuine merchandise may be the key to preventing counterfeit purchasing.     

Development of consumer techno segmentation and its application to international markets

This study aimed to develop consumer techno segments based on technology‐related psychographic variables in four different countries including the US, Canada, Spain and Italy. The respondents' technology innovativeness, technology opinion leadership, network externality risk and technology anxiety were used as metrics to identify consumer techno segments. Cluster analysis identified three to four distinct techno segments in each country. Multivariate analysis of variance and univariate analyses were used to validate the differences among techno segments in need for change, leisure orientation and e‐shopping preference in each local market. The similarities and differences of each techno segment were examined across different international markets. A discussion and implications were drawn to help marketers develop penetration and market strategies for different international markets by understanding an expected diffusion rate of a new product and of product life cycles for each local market.     

中国汽车产业上市公司生产效率研究

基于2001-2008年中国17家汽车生产企业的面板数据,本文采用数据包络分析方法和Malmquist生产率指数分析方法,测算各年度各样本汽车生产企业的实际生产效率,包括技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率等三项指标,并得到2001-2008年间各企业生产效率的排名。测算样本企业的全要素生产率结果显示,中国汽车生产企业的全要素生产效率整体呈现逐年上降趋势。     

浅议现阶段财务人员绩效考核

财务人员是每个企业、事业单位的重要成员,是不可缺失的岗位,在每个单位中起到核心地位.现阶段各个企业、事业对本单位内部的员工进行绩效管理,财务人员的绩效考核便随之诞生.企业要正确认识对财务人员现阶段的绩效考核指标是否正确、是否适应公司的现状,企业要重视公司财务人员的绩效考核.     

International Market Segmentation and Cross-Export Strategies Development Case Study: Iranian Furniture Industry

ABSTRACT

By developing an international market and significant differences between countries in this regard, segmentation becomes an increasingly important concept in marketing. In this article, the international market of Iranian furniture industry is segmented and cross-exporting strategies are developed to increase the market share of Iranian furniture in each segment. To achieve this, two distance functions are introduced based on correlation between export groups to cluster countries with k-means algorithm. After market segmentation for increasing sales in each segment, cross-exporting strategies are predicted by extracting association rules in each segment based on Apriori algorithm to set export baskets.     

Using customer lifetime value to plan optimal promotions

The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology to guide managers in determining the optimal promotion campaigns to be directed towards different market segments in order to maximize the value of customers. For the purposes of this study, a two-step methodology is used, based on stochastic dynamic programming and the classification and regression tree. This methodology groups the customers according to their value. Within this framework, an experiment is conducted in which each of the different promotion campaigns is assigned to different randomly selected groups. The impact of each type of promotion on each type of market segment is analysed in order to find the optimal promotion campaigns appropriate for each. In contrast to previous research, this study takes into account a firm that provides more than one specific type of product or service. In addition, it analyses the impact of widely used types of promotion campaigns compared with the narrow scope of those investigated in previous studies. Therefore, this research presents important insights into managing relations with the customers in a more interactive and profitable way.     

Cross-national invariance of the entrepreneurial orientation scale

This study utilizes data from 1279 SMEs spanning seven countries to assess the cross-national invariance of the Covin and Slevin entrepreneurial orientation scale. We first examine the psychometric properties of the scale across the full sample and each of the individual countries, identifying the optimal model for invariance testing. We then conduct a series of tests for invariance, utilizing the American sample as a reference in each. Study results highlight the optimality of a three-factor, six-item scale, and provide additional information regarding the level of measurement equivalence that exists between the U.S. and each of the other countries analyzed.     

用于天线阵馈电的新型三等分功分器设计

为了解决传统三等分功分器输出支路跨接隔离电阻实现困难的问题,基于Wilkinson 功率分配器设计理论,通过引入二分之一波长微带传输线,提出了一种新型微带三等分功率 分配器的设计方法。基于此方法,设计了一款应用于海事卫星通信频段的对称结构三等分功 分器。实测结果表明该功分器在整个设计频带内各端口匹配好,各输出支路等分度好、隔 离度高。该功分器已成功应用于天线阵馈电网络的设计。     

Ranking Candidates Through Convex Sequences of Variable Weights

Scoring rules are a well-known class of positional voting systems where fixed scores are assigned to the different ranks. Nevertheless, since the winners may change according to the scores used, the choice of the scoring vector is not obvious. For this reason several methods have been suggested so that each candidate may be evaluated with the most favorable scoring vector for him/her. In this paper we propose a new model that allows to use different scoring vector for each candidate and avoid some shortcomings of other methods suggested in the literature. Moreover we give a closed expression for the score obtained by each candidate and, in this way, it is possible to rank the candidates without solving the proposed model.     

区域城市化的定量比较

城市化必须与经济发展相适应 ,超前或滞后的城市化都会阻碍经济发展。本文提出一种评价我国各省区城市化水平与经济发展水平相适应程度 (城市化率评分 )的数量分析方法 ,并用这种方法 ,分析评价了 1 985- 1 996年全国和云南省的城市化进程 ,以及 1 995年全国各省区的城市化水平。发现全国和各省区的城市化速度均滞后于经济发展速度 ,但是不同经济发展水平地区的滞后程度不同。云南省的城市化严重滞后     

Variance decomposition of the country,industry, firm,and firm-year effects on dividend policy

Why some firms distribute generous cash dividends while others are reluctant to do so remains an unanswered question despite decades of scholarly examination. Although the extant literature on dividend policy has explored the effects of determinants at the country, industry, firm, and firm-year levels, it remains unclear whether and how much each level of analysis matters to dividend policy. Consequently, this study seeks to move the literature forward by decomposing the variance at each level associated with dividend policies in a global sample of 8903 firms over an 11-year time period. We employ hierarchical linear modeling and find that all four levels of analysis help to explain dividend policy, but the firm and firm-year effects account for the majority of variance. Furthermore, decomposing the variance within each year reveals that the firm level has the strongest effect on dividend policy. Finally, while the variance in dividend policy explained by each level varies according to the dividend policy measure used, it is largely stable over our study period. We discuss implications of these findings for future research on dividend policy and for the field of comparative corporate governance.     

Computer-Assisted Negotiations of Water Resources Conflicts

This paper describes the algorithms within and results obtained using an interactive computer program developed to assist those involved in negotiating agreements among parties having conflicting objectives. This Interactive Computer-Assisted Negotiation Support system (ICANS) can be used during the negotiation process by opposing parties or by a professional mediator. On the basis of information provided to the program, in confidence, by each party, it can help all parties identify feasible alternatives, if any exist, that should be preferred to each party's proposal. If such alternatives do not exist, the program can help parties develop counter proposals. Through a series of iterations in which each party's input data, assumptions, and preferences may change, ICANS can aid each party in their search for a mutually acceptable and preferred agreement. This paper describes the algorithms used for analyzing preferences and for generating alternative feasible agreements. Also presented a re the results of some limited experiments involving water resource system development and use conflicts that illustrate the potential of programs such as ICANS.     

Comparative analysis of Canadian,American and Swedish bankruptcy policy: why do governments legislate consumer debt?

Comparative research in consumer bankruptcy law is scarce. After profiling bankruptcy statistics in each country, the paper compares bankruptcy laws in Canada, United States and Sweden across 20 criteria and then analyses the predominate ideology underlying each law: deviant behaviour modification, consumer protection or social safety net. There is obvious tension between ideologies in each country with the punitive, deviant behaviour modification paradigm the most pervasive across all three countries. There is much we can learn from a comparative policy analysis approach, leading to the conscious development of bankruptcy policy from discernible, declared ideologies. Seven areas for future research are proposed.