信息共享对牛鞭效应的影响分析

供应链上最终用户的需求信息随着向上游的前进过程波动程度越来越大,这种供应链中的"牛鞭效应"降低了供应链的运作效率。文章在需求ARIMA(0,1,1)模型下,研究由一个生产商和一个零售商组成的简单供应链系统中,信息共享对牛鞭效应的影响。分析得出信息共享可以减轻牛鞭效应,最后通过实例分析验证信息共享对牛鞭效应的抑制作用。     

供应链中的“牛鞭效应”及其缓解策略研究

牛鞭效应是供应链中的一种普遍现象。随着市场竞争的加剧,供应链管理倍受关注,但牛鞭效应却严重影响供应链的敏捷性和运作效率。导致牛鞭效应的根源在于供应链结构缺乏系统统筹、沟通和信任机制,各企业作为理性人从各自利益出发,造成需求信息在传递中不断地被扭曲或延迟。治理牛鞭效应应从信息共享角度出发,规避博弈行为;简化结构,创新管理模式;调整库存策略,合理分担库存责任。     

信息共享减弱供应链中的牛鞭效应的机理分析

首先通过数量模型分析了牛鞭效应产生的机理与影响因素，定量分析了在需求信息共享和非共享情况下对供应链牛鞭效应的影响。结果表明，通过在供应链的各个阶段共享需求信息，虽然不能消除牛鞭效应，但可以显著地减少牛鞭效应。     

供应商供给策略形成的牛鞭效应分析

在采用满足市场需求经营策略下，针对供应链上成员共享与没有共享信息的情况，我们分别给出了供应链上各成员为满足用户需求而对最终产品需求进行预计的模型，利用所建立的模型讨论了该经营策略形成的牛鞭效应，并指出了供应链上每往上游前进一步，最终产品需求预测放大的数量。最后，讨论了信息共享对控制该种策略下牛鞭效应的效果。     

供应链中的牛鞭效应解决策略

牛鞭效应是指需求信息在从供应链下游传向上游的过程中发生的放大现象。牛鞭效应存在的原因主要在于供应链中的信息沟通问题和供应链的一些固有的属性。本文提出了减小牛鞭效应的一些措施,指出关键在于供应链各成员相互合作、建立起战略性伙伴关系、共享供应链中的需求信息。     

基于牛鞭效应的供应链信息共享价值研究

基于牛鞭效应模型对供应链共享价值进行了量化分析,并对传统供应链(非信息共享)与现代物流供应链(信息共享)的牛鞭效应进行了比较,结果表明信息共享条件下牛鞭效应得到了有效的控制。     

信息共享对供应链牛鞭效应减弱效果分析

首先讨论了供应链中由于信息的不共享性而产生的牛鞭效应。其次讨论在两级供应链中下游零售商,在面临需求平稳时,采用指数平滑法进行短期需求预测,量化分析了一个供应商和一个零售商的简单供应链中零售商和供应商在需求信息预测阶段和信息处理阶段的牛鞭效应,得出建立供应链企业信息共享系统,可以显著减弱牛鞭效应带来的负面影响。接着对案例企业构建企业信息共享系统作出讨论,对构建策略进行了一定的探索。     

基于牛鞭效应的供应链信息共享价值研究

基于牛鞭效应模型对供应链共享价值进行了量化分析,并对传统供应链(非信息共享)与现代物流供应链(信息共享)的牛鞭效应进行了比较,结果表明信息共享条件下牛鞭效应得到了有效的控制.     

满足需求策略形成的供应链牛鞭效应分析

针对两类不同结构的供应链，在供应链成员没有信息共享的条件下，建立了满足市场需求经营策略形成牛鞭效应的分析模型，揭示了这种策略带来牛鞭效应的形成过程并对其进行了比较分析。     

供应链中信息的共享对牛鞭效应的影响

本文用啤酒游戏的结果定性地比较分析信息共享对供应链中牛鞭效应影响,认为信息共享能够减少供应键中信息的波动和放大,但并不能消除供应链中的牛鞭效应,而且信息共享对供应链的上游比下游更为有利,因此供应链的上游应采取激励措施来促进信息的共享.     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.