平衡计分卡在内部审计部门中的应用研究

本文探讨如何将平衡计分卡方法引入内部审计部门以利于其正确选择业绩度量指标,在将平衡计分卡的四个维度和内部审计部门的业绩指标相结合的基础上,详细阐述了具体应用时所应遵循的步骤,并指出相关的注意事项.     

基于平衡计分卡的高校后勤管理工作绩效评估研究

运用平衡计分卡探讨高校后勤管理工作的绩效评估是一个新途径,平衡计分卡不仅注重将战略与短期目标相结合,还重视内部指标和外部指标之间的平衡,更全面更具体的来衡量高校后勤管理工作的绩效水平。根据高校后勤部门产出的不同将后勤部门划分为营利性部门和非营利性部门两种,分别基于平衡计分卡设计出高校后勤的绩效评估指标体系,并分析在应用平衡计分卡对高校后勤管理工作进行绩效评估时可能出现的困难。     

平衡记分卡研究述评

平衡计分卡是20世纪90年代以来企业战略业绩评价方面的重大创新，受到理论界和实务界的广泛关注，成为管理理论研究和实务中的一种时尚。平衡计分卡通过财务、客户、内部经营、学习和成长等4个方面的多种指标，揭示了业绩产生的动因，但也存在理论和实践上的诸多问题。案例分析有助于平衡计分卡的深入研究与实践。     

煤炭企业内部审计中如何应用平衡计分卡

当前我国煤炭企业内部审计面临着独立性差,监控作用难发挥等问题。为加强煤炭企业内部审计绩效审计方法的研究,我们需要不断利用技术进步,引进平衡计分卡新方法,创造性地开展内部审计工作。文章对＂平衡计分卡＂的产生和发展、原理及特点、基本内容和在我国的应用发展等方面进行了介绍,以期使读者对平衡计分卡有一个清楚的认识。在此基础上,将平衡计分卡管理方法在我国煤炭企业内部审计的绩效考核应用过程进行了分析。     

平衡计分卡:企业战略规划与业绩评价的统一

本文介绍了平衡计分卡的基本思路、计量指标、评价步骤，在此基础上总结出平衡计分卡的优、缺点，指明平衡计分卡是企业战略规划和业绩评价的统一。     

基于战略的平衡计分卡设计分析

基于战略的平衡积分卡是一整套用于衡量评价与企业战略经营成功的相关要素的财务与非财务指标体系。它由财务业绩指标、客户方面业绩指标、内部经营过程业绩指标、学习与增长业绩指标四方面组成。本文对基于战略的平衡计分卡从设计框架、流程、影响因素和原则等方面予以简要论述。     

中小企业实施平衡计分卡的可行性

近年来，平衡计分卡作为一种有效的企业绩效考评工具，受到学术界及产业界相当的重视。平衡计分卡在保留传统财务指标的同时，成功地引入了非财务指标，通过财务、客户、内部经营、学习与创新四个方面的指标对企业的业绩进行综合评价，弥补了传统财务指标的不足之处。但是，要成功地实施它却不是一件容易的事，平衡计分卡不是一块适合于所有企业或整个行业的模板。对于中小企业来说，在引入平衡计分卡之前，应该充分了解企业实施平衡计分卡应具备的条件以及企业自身的能力状况，避免行为的盲目性。     

对平衡计分卡引入我国的一点思考

平衡计分卡是目前世界上最新的企业业绩评价系统，我国已进入信息时代，应把握时机，早日将平衡计分卡系统融入企业业绩评价体系中。     

平衡计分卡在中国饭店业中的应用

随着信息经济时代的来临,中国饭店面临的环境发生了巨大变化,以财务指标为主要手段的传统评价方法已不能全面评价饭店的业绩。平衡计分卡作为一种以信息为基础、将企业战略目标与企业业绩驱动因素相结合的战略管理系统,在中国饭店实施平衡计分卡,不仅须对饭店现行的目标战略、内部经营过程、目标顾客等进行重新确定,还必须排除在实施中可能遭遇的饭店经营及内部文化等产生的冲突和阻力,获取饭店全体人员对实施平衡计分卡的支持,确保平衡计分卡相关知识及技能完整地转移至组织平台,这样平衡计分卡才能发挥真正的作用。     

平衡计分卡在业绩评价中的应用

平衡计分卡是一种现代战略绩效管理及评价工具,它以企业的战略目标为基础,可以帮助企业建立以战略为导向的业绩评价系统。平衡计分卡是通过财务、客户、内部业务流程、学习与成长四个相互联系的层面来全方位的衡量和管理企业经营业绩,包括传统的财务指标和驱动未来财务效益的非财务指标,将不同的衡量业绩方法整合为一个有机的整体,克服企业围绕财务指标进行业绩评价的局限,改进企业的绩效考核水平,有效地将组织战略转化为各个层面的绩效指标和行动,增强企业的市场竞争力。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.