A tale of two countries: Directed technical change,trade and migratory movements

We propose a North-South model that reconciles trade and production strategies, flows of innovators and the path of economic divergence, or convergence, between countries. We explain the mechanisms behind these forces and show how the technological and economic gaps can be reversed if southern countries stop imitating northern goods and, instead, produce complementary goods. Such a strategy of complementarity on production yields the necessary incentives to innovators to engage in research in southern countries, which enhances the catching-up process between countries. It is also shown that migratory movements of unskilled labor between countries are also relevant to understand the dangers and benefits of different trade strategies for economic growth. This paper suggests a positive (negative) correlation between technological innovation in the North (South) and the level of substitutability in production, while under complementarity, technological innovation catches up in the South, therefore fostering the economic catching up process. A positive correlation between inflows of skilled and unskilled labor and substitutability of production between countries is also verified.     

技术-经济范式赶超机遇与中国创新政策转型

新技术革命为我国带来了新的技术赶超机遇,但也加剧了国家间的技术竞争。“中兴事件”暴露出我国核心技术自主创新能力短板。根据佩蕾丝、弗里曼等对技术革命浪潮的研究,当前我国正处在新旧技术-经济范式转换阶段,处于技术赶超机遇期。美、德两国在19世纪下半叶赶超英国的经验给我国的启示是,以追踪世界新技术-经济范式为导向的创新政策是我国实现技术赶超的必要条件。要抓住技术赶超机遇就必须反思目前我国创新政策缺陷,通过创新政策转型和创新,营造促进民族企业创新的社会经济环境,从而引导创新环境特征转变、促进向世界新技术-经济范式转换并跻身于并跑和领跑行列。因此,加强金融规制、系统性支持民族创新企业、培育民族高技术产业创新集群、加大人力资本投资力度和鼓励人才流动等成为我国创新政策转型的重要内容。     

高新技术产业集群知识溢出对企业技术追赶的影响

自主创新和知识溢出是技术落后企业提高知识存量、实现技术追赶的两个主要途径。知识溢出作为产业集群的显著特征之一，对产业集群的创新和发展有着重要影响。首先，以Verspagen＆Canils的知识溢出模型为基础，结合高新技术产业集群的特点，构建产业集群知识溢出模型。然后，以此模型为分析工具，深入分析知识溢出和自主创新共同作用的技术落后企业实现技术追赶的知识存量差距范围，以及知识溢出各影响因素对技术追赶的影响，并以中关村科技园区为样本进行实证分析。在此基础上，提出我国高新技术产业开发区技术落后企业实现技术追赶的政策建议。     

高新技术产业集群知识溢出对企业技术追赶的影响

自主创新和知识溢出是技术落后企业提高知识存量,实现技术追赶的两个主要途径。知识溢出作为产业集群的显著特征之一,对产业集群的创新和发展有着重要影响。首先,以 Verspagen&Caniëls 的知识溢出模型为基础,结合高新技术产业集群的特点,构建产业集群知识溢出模型。然后,以此模型为分析工具,深入分析知识溢出和自主创新共同作用的技术落后企业实现技术追赶的知识存量差距范围,以及知识溢出各影响因素对技术追赶的影响,并以中关村科技园区为样本进行实证分析。在此基础上,提出我国高新技术产业开发区技术落后企业实现技术追赶的政策建议。     

Transfer sciences and the Austrian system of innovation

This paper attempts to outline the technological position of Austria, its catching up process following World War II and the national system of innovation. Furthermore the process of knowledge production and application in a national system of innovation is highlighted. Austria went through a rapid catching up process after the second world war. The industrial structure of Austria has improved in the sense that the importance of the basic goods sector has continuously diminished whereas medium and high-tech activities have been enforced. Simultaneously, the technological position measured in R&D expenditures and patent grants has also improved. Three possible modes of knowledge production (i.e. interaction between universities and industry) in the national system of innovation can be distinguished: classical relationships, co-operative relationships and transfer sciences. Transfer sciences offer new options for science and technology policy and challenge the more traditional modes of knowledge production.     

Democratization is the driving force for technological and economic change

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between democratization and technological innovation. In primis, the paper shows, through economic history, that democratization is an antecedent process (cause) to technological and economic change (effect). In particular, the primary finding is that democratization is a driving force for technological change: most free countries, measured with liberal, participatory, and constitutional democracy indices, have a higher level of technology than less free and more autocratic countries. In fact, “democracy richness” generates a higher rate of technological innovation with fruitful effects for the wellbeing and wealth of nations. These findings and predictions lead to the conclusion that policy makers need to be cognizant of positive associations between democratization and technological innovation paths in order to support the modern economic growth and future technological progress of countries.     

技术创新乘数效应的运行机理与政策启示

技术创新是经济增长的主要源泉,但技术创新乘数效应则是一个有待拓展的重要理论命题。技术创新通过扩散产生引致经济增长的乘数效应。技术创新扩散是技术创新通过一定的渠道在潜在使用者之间的传播、采用的过程。考察技术创新乘数效应的内在运行机理可以发现,技术创新乘数效应是通过规模经济、范围经济、联结经济和速度经济等形态生成的,并与福特制、丰田制和温特制等组织载体相耦合。研究技术创新乘数效应,有助于揭示当前我国技术创新过程中的成效与不足,为进一步提高我国技术创新效率提供有效的理论借鉴。当前,中国已成长为开放型经济大国,在遵循技术创新内在运行规律的同时,应主动发挥大国经济优势和后发优势,通过多种路径为充分发挥技术创新乘数效应创造条件。     

复杂网络视角下技术创新扩散种子选择研究

创新是企业生存发展的根本，企业希望通过创新提升自身竞争力，然而，创新扩散效果不佳会最终制约企业发展。针对技术创新扩散种子用户的选择问题，运用复杂网络方法，构建了技术创新级联扩散非线性模型，通过寻找客户网络中分散于不同社区的重要节点展开技术创新扩散，以达到最大限度的扩散效果。对模拟网络和真实网络的仿真分析发现，该种子选择方法确实能够加快技术创新在整个网络的扩散速度，提升扩散效果，为企业赢得竞争优势，促进企业创新良性发展。     

中国与美国技术差距缩小了吗

首先对中国技术创新水平进行了跨国跨期比较分析,并探寻了中国技术创新水平现状以及与美国的技术差距;其次,构建了理论模型,从长期和短期视角剖析了后发国家的技术追赶机制,进而对中美技术差距的影响因素进行了计量分析。研究表明：①在技术追赶过程中,短期内,后发国家应积极发挥后发优势,根据自身技术水平权衡模仿创新和自主创新,而在长期,随着技术差距逐渐收敛于稳定值,后发国家应加强自主创新;②相对于美国,尽管中国技术水平仍较滞后,但中美技术差距呈缩小态势;③当前,自主创新、FDI的溢出吸收以及劳动力资本和生产性投资有助于缩小中美技术差距,但高科技产品进口却导致了技术差距的扩大;④随着“刘易斯拐点”的到来和中国工业化进程的深入,劳动力、资本等传统要素对缩小中美技术差距的作用正在逐渐减弱。     

基于改进超效率DEA模型的长江经济带科技创新效率研究

为了揭示长江经济带11省市科技创新效率演变规律及其影响因素,基于PCA-SE-DEA组合模型,对全国和长江经济带科技创新效率进行测度,重点对长江经济带的科技创新效率进行收敛性检验和影响因素分析。研究表明:长江经济带科技创新效率略低于全国平均水平;长江上中下游省市科技创新效率的地区差异呈逐步扩大趋势;长江经济带科技创新效率较低省市的追赶效应尚不明显;地区产业结构优化升级对长江经济带科技创新效率的影响最为显著。由此提出,长江经济带需要统筹协调,建立协同协作机制,构建全流域创新创业生态系统,提高整体科技创新效率。     

企业技术创新过程模型研究——基于供应商和用户共同参与的模式

创新是一个民族的素质体现,也是企业发展不变的主题.随着科学技术日益复杂化,技术创新在企业中的重要作用也日益凸显.时于企业来说,技术创新是帮助其在激烈竞争中保持优势的基础,只有进行技术创新,提升自身竞争力,才能让新技术及新产品赶上市场需求潮流,让企业在竞争中立于不败之地.企业创新过程能够为企业的创新指明一条道路,但是现如今企业不能仅仅依靠企业自身采进行创新,而应该借助各方面的力量,让用户和供应商一起参与到技术创新过程中来.有研究表明,供应商和用户参与到新产品开发过程中,能为企业提高新产品开发效率提供有效帮助.但是用户和供应商参与到创新中,技术创新过程又会是怎样一种情况?本文将从这个角度出发,在分别修正已有的供应商和用户单独参与汽车企业技术创新过程模型的基础上,模拟归纳出二者共同参与的技术创新过程模型,为企业新形势下的创新提供帮助.     

Closing the Technology Gap?

This paper focuses on the dimensions shaping the dynamics of technology. We present a model where the knowledge stock of a country grows over time as a function of three main factors: innovation intensity, technological infrastructures, and human capital. The latter two variables determine the absorptive capacity of a country as well as its innovative ability. We then carry out an empirical analysis that investigates the dynamics of technology in a large sample of economies in the last two‐decade period, and studies its relationships with income per capita growth. The results indicate that the cross‐country distributions of technological infrastructures and human capital have experienced a process of convergence, whereas the innovative intensity is characterized by increasing polarization between rich and poor economies. Thus, while the conditions for catching up have generally improved, the increasing innovation gap represents a major factor behind the observed differences in income per capita.     

基于Brusselator模型的我国企业技术获取系统耗散结构研究

企业技术获取,尤其是外部技术获取是企业参与到“多方协同的新型创业创新机制”中来的具体体现形式。企业技术获取系统耗散结构的存在性是开展企业技术获取研究和官产学研技术合作研究的前提基础。从理论上分析了企业技术获取系统耗散结构存在的合理性,并进一步借助Brusselator模型的经济学转译对我国企业技术获取系统耗散结构进行了实证检验。研究发现：我国企业能够开放自身组织边界实现外部技术的获取与二次创新,企业技术获取系统耗散结构是存在的;通过对Brusselator势函数的进一步分析与解读,解释了我国企业技术获取系统耗散结构的存在性和技术后发企业技术赶超得以实现的原因。在我国经济技术迅速发展、原始创新重要性愈发凸显的重要历史时期,我国企业应在技术交流合作和外部技术二次创新中消化吸收先进外部技术,逐步提升自主R&D水平,尤其是技术原创能力。     

Technological Innovation and High-Quality Economic Development

Linking technological innovation with high-quality economic development is a complex process. So far, there has been little academic research on the mechanism and internal law of technological innovation related to high quality economic development. After streamlining the research context of technological innovation in the deductive development of economic growth theory, this paper summarizes and extracts the core connotation of high-quality economic development from the concept of high-quality development and at micro, meso and macro dimensions. The internal law of technological innovation promoting high-quality economic development is revealed from six aspects, including total factor productivity, supply of high-quality products and services, industrial structure upgrading, consumption structure upgrading, resources and environment, and promoting social equity. This paper then puts forward policy recommendations for technological innovation promoting high-quality economic development at micro, meso and macro dimensions. Microscopically, organizations including R&D enterprises, universities and research institutes should have their creativity enhanced; mesoscopically, the levels of industrial chain, value chain and regional technological innovation growth pole should be improved; and macroscopically, China should raise its overall technology competitiveness in the world for high-quality economic development driven by technological innovation. This paper proposes six issues on technological innovation related to high-quality development that deserve in-depth discussion, including identifying the standards and boundaries of innovation, capturing the orientation of technological innovation, and raising the rate of transforming technological innovation achievements, etc.     

新发展阶段科技非对称赶超战略解构——科技跨越论视角

进入新发展阶段，中国科技发展呈现出“跟跑、并跑、领跑并存”的新特征，对科技非对称赶超提出了新要求。基于科技跨越式发展理论，对科技非对称赶超内涵进行阐释，论证其所包含的新逻辑和新机理。通过深入分析英美等发达国家的科技赶超历程，总结出其高度重视发展教育、长期推进基础研究、面向科技前沿等有益经验，客观论述其运作机制紊乱、未能持续推进、缺乏深入研究等深刻教训，并在此基础上反观中国新发展阶段的科技非对称赶超实际，提出把握战略机遇、有效集聚资源、优化人才培养、不断积累优势等政策建议。     

知识产权保护与经济水平对技术创新的作用机制研究

基于2012—2017年我国省级面板数据,将区域层面的工业企业创新过程划分为技术研发和技术成果转化两阶段,以地区规模以上工业企业为研究对象,采用混合OLS回归、固定效应模型和系统广义矩估计方法检验知识产权保护与经济水平对工业企业两阶段创新的作用。结果发现：①知识产权保护和经济水平对区域工业企业技术研发和技术成果转化两阶段均有显著促进作用;②在工业企业技术研发和技术成果转化两阶段均存在知识产权保护与经济水平的交互作用,这一交互作用削弱了两者对工业企业技术创新过程的促进作用;③知识产权保护、经济水平对工业企业技术研发阶段的影响强度大于技术成果转化阶段;④基于我国各地区当前经济水平,大部分区域仍须加强知识产权保护以进一步促进区域工业企业技术创新。     

我国汽车产业技术赶超的进入成本

本文在对技术赶超进入成本理论进行探讨的基础上,对我国国内汽车产业技术赶超的进入成本条件及成本效应进行了分析,以期明确国内汽车产业技术赶超的进入成本约束状况。     

Total factor productivity and the convergence hypothesis in the Italian regions

This article is aimed at testing the catching up hypothesis for the Italian regions. The use of Malmquist productivity indices allows to decompose productivity growth into technological progress and technical efficiency change, interpreted respectively as innovation and catching up measurements. The analysis leads to a conclusion that regional economies diverge at a decreasing rate.     

Poverty traps in a frictionless world: The effects of learning and technology assimilation

We study an endogenous growth model of technology assimilation through an adaptive learning process defining the accumulation of technological knowledge among both workers and industrial clusters. The assimilation of new technology and the arrival rate of innovations are both based on the distance from the technological frontier to the current technological development level of the country. We illustrate how, even if technological innovations become immediately available to all countries, and absent educational and institutional frictions among countries, differences in technological development levels allow for the existence of poverty traps leading to the economic stagnation of technological laggards.     

科技创新、产业结构升级对经济发展的实证分析

基于2008—2018年我国30个省份(因数据缺失,不包括西藏和港澳台地区)的面板数据探究了科技创新和产业结构升级对各地经济发展影响的路径,将产业结构升级作为中介变量,并细化为产业结构高级化和产业结构合理化,探讨科技创新在促进经济发展中的传导作用,以及将我国分为东部、中部和西部进行区域异质性的分析.实证分析结果表明:①科技创新和产业结构升级均能显著促进地区经济发展,且产业结构升级在科技创新促进经济发展的过程中起到了中介变量的作用;②东部地区科技创新对经济发展的促进作用完全是通过产业结构升级来实现的,而西部和中部地区科技创新对经济发展的促进作用部分是通过产业结构升级来实现的;③东部地区的中介变量产业结构高级化和产业结构合理化在科技创新促进地区经济发展的过程中表现出完全的中介效应,中部地区的产业结构高级化表现出部分的中介效应,产业结构合理化表现出完全的中介效应,而西部地区的产业结构高级化和产业结构合理化均表现出部分的中介效应;④东部地区对外开放是影响地区经济发展的重要因素,固定资本投入对中部地区经济发展影响较大,应继续加大固定资本投入,而西部地区的经济发展仍然处于追赶状态,大力赶超中东部地区经济发展,克服地域发展不平衡是重中之重.