商品房定价方法与策略

商品房的定价方法,是开发企业在特定的定价目标指导下,依据对开发成本、市场需求及竞争等状况的研究,运用价格决策理论,对商品房的价格进行计算的具体方法。商品房的定价方法主要包括成本导向、竞争导向和顾客导向等三种类型。     

风险投资项目定价方法的分析与比较

有三种思路可以对投资项目定价 ,即 :期末价值贴现法、贴现现金流法、期权定价法。三者相比 ,期权定价更能反映实际情况 ,但对三者的运用也有着类似的困难。     

水务融资定价策略的思考

本文从水务融资的特点入手,对我国水务融资做了一个概括性的整体介绍。分析在市场条件下,从经济利润定价、边际成本定价和平均成本定价三种模式中做出选择,为水产品定价。为实现融资者、投资者双方的利益均衡,提出水务融资定价策略的建议．     

商业团购交易定价研究

商业团购是目前占主导地位的网络团购模式。本文在分析商业团购含义和特点的基础上,重点研究了商业团购交易定价的特点,认为商业团购的定价具有折扣较大、价格恒定及信息对称的特点;然后分析了影响商业团购交易定价的七种主要因素,包括供应商的成本大小、供应商团购的目标、团购网站的谈判能力、该地区竞争者数目、该商品或服务潜在消费者数目、商品或服务的差异化程度、该地区市场细分程度;最后利用多因素需求函数、多厂商联合定价的Bertrand竞争模型和决策收益矩阵给出商业团购交易定价的三种策略:需求定价策略、边际成本定价策略和目标导向定价策略。     

信用衍生产品定价模型研究

信用衍生产品的定价问题是其发展的瓶颈。本文详细分析了三种定价模型：结构模型、信用等级模型和信用价差模型,同时,对各个模型进行了检验和有效性比较,以期为信用衍生产品定价实践提供有益的指导。     

互联网知识付费定价问题及对策研究

在当下信息爆炸的时代,消费者知识焦虑不断增加,互联网知识付费自产生以来迅速发展。但由于知识产品的特殊性、定价方式多样存在很多定价方面的问题,本文介绍了当下主要的三种定价模型,并分析了现阶段定价模式存在的问题,如成本和收益无法量化、没有完整的供求体系以及定价不准等问题。提出了引入消费者知识付费产品匹配概念的协商式定价模型,并将其与现有定价模型对比,分别对消费者购买行为、知识生产者定价、平台运营模式提出对策和建议。     

期权模型与含权债定价探析

含权债已成为我国债券市场的重要品种,对含权债蕴含的期权进行正确定价对投资者和促进整个债券市场健康、快速发展具有重要意义。本文应用Black-Scholes、二叉树、OAS模型对含权债定价进行实证研究,比较参数变动对三种模型的影响程度,选择适合中国债券市场的含权债定价模型,为推动含权债和债券市场的发展发挥积极作用。     

双重混合渠道下零售企业定价策略研究

从实体零售商的角度分析了四种定价策略下三种渠道结构的渠道最优价格,剖析了网络渠道价格小于传统渠道价格应满足的条件。同时对定价策略D做了数值试验,讨论了不同情况下渠道成本、渠道价格差异变动系数以及潜在市场定位对企业利润的影响。     

IPO定价机制与中国的现实选择

IPO定价机制一般分为固定价格、拍卖以及累计投标三种基本类型。中国目前实施的询价制,属于广义上的累计投标定价机制。这种定价机制中,承销商拥有的股票差别分配权利,降低了IPO抑价水平。研究表明,询价制是目前为止现实可行的定价机制。     

产业链的合作机制选择与低碳产品定价及碳减排策略

生产链上下游企业选择合适的合作机制对低碳产品定价及碳减排有重要影响。通过构建博弈模型分析三种不同合作机制下的低碳产品定价及碳减排问题:第一种合作机制即制造商与零售商进行合作,当两条生产链都选择这种合作机制时,能带来较高的碳减排率和较低的零售价格,这对制造商、零售商、消费者和环境都是有利的。第二种合作机制即两条生产链的制造商之间、零售商之间分别合作,这会带来较低的碳减排率和较高的零售价格,对两个制造商有利,而对零售商和消费者不利。分析前两种合作机制的利与弊提出第三种合作机制,即零售商和制造商共享利润下的有利于碳减排的策略。最后,结合案例讨论和数值分析的研究结果表明:当制造商和零售商收入共享比在一定范围内时,第三种合作机制可以给制造商和零售商带来更高的利润。由此为企业选择最佳的合作机制及合理的碳减排策略提供了理论指导。     

基于同业竞争的中小企业贷款定价模式设计

利率市场化改革备件下,本文站在银行的角度建立一个适合中小企业的贷款定价模型,以此帮助银行更好地为中小企业融资服务。本文首先基三种贷款定价模式的比较研究,归纳提出了适合区域性商业银行特征的中小企业贷款定价理念——“基于同业竞争的贷款定价法”;其次,探讨了影响商业银行贷款定价机制的微观因素,如资金成本、违约风险、预期收益等;第三,综合市场结构和风险度量两个主要因素,利用审断回归分析建立同业竞争贷款定价模型;最后,采用某区域性商业银行的数据来进行实证检验,从而说明使用这种基于同业竞争的贷款定价模型是解决目前中小企业融资难问题的一条可行的道路。     

Ad-Hoc Black–Scholes vis-à-vis TSRV-based Black–Scholes: Evidence from Indian Options Market

This research paper examines one-day-ahead out-of-sample performance of the volatility smirk-based options pricing models, namely, Ad-Hoc-Black–Scholes (AHBS) models on the CNX Nifty index options of India. Further, we compare the performance of these models with that of a TSRV-based Black–Scholes (BS) model. For the purpose, the study uses tick-by-tick data. The results on the AHBS models are highly satisfactory and robust across all the subgroups considered in the study. Notably, a daily constant implied volatility based ad-hoc approach outperforms the TSRV-based BS model substantially. The performance of the ad-hoc approaches improves further when the smile/smirk effect is considered. For the estimation of the implied volatility smile, we apply three weighting schemes based on the Vega and liquidity of the options. All the schemes offer equally competing results. The major contribution of the study to the existing literature on options pricing is in terms of the ex-ante examination of the ad-hoc approaches to price the options by calibrating volatility smile/smirk on a daily basis.

     

碳排放权交易定价研究综述

《京都议定书》的问世使碳排放权在低碳经济时代成为一种稀缺商品,而该"商品"的定价问题就是碳排放权交易体系的核心关注点。文章对排放权定价的研究现状进行了系统综述,内容主要包括:碳排放权交易的基本定义、碳排放权定价理论以及国外和国内对碳排放权定价的研究现状。其中,国外对碳排放权定价的研究主要集中在碳排放权价格影响因素和定价模型两方面;国内的研究除影响因素和定价模型外,还对碳排放权的定价基础—碳货币和中国碳排放权的定价策略展开过讨论。文章拟通过较为系统的介绍,以期为未来碳交易定价的相关研究提供一定的参考。     

Optimal pricing when rational consumers anticipate monitoring cost

This article considers a monopolistic firm’s optimal pricing decision over two periods among dynamic pricing, preannounced pricing and single pricing. In the models, consumers rationally determine whether to exhibit strategic waiting by weighing their costs against prospectively lower price. Our analysis yields three main results. First, single pricing that completely eliminates strategic waiting surely would be dominated by intertemporal pricing when facing rational consumers. Second, preannounced pricing may actually yield lower revenue than dynamic pricing when considering its effect on the reduction of consumer monitoring cost. Only when monitoring costs under dynamic pricing and under preannounced pricing are equal, is firm revenue weakly greater under preannounced pricing than under dynamic pricing. Third, in dynamic pricing equilibrium, increasing monitoring cost may increase firm revenue, consumer surplus and social welfare simultaneously.     

Childcare quality and pricing: evidence from Wisconsin

Childcare prices vary dramatically both between and within states. We identify the effects of demographic and provider characteristics on childcare pricing, but focus primarily on whether unique government-provided information on childcare quality has an effect on pricing. Using provider-level observations across three adjacent counties in southern Wisconsin, we find that this government-provided information on childcare quality does not significantly affect pricing. Recognizing that information asymmetry may be the root cause of the insignificant relationship, we test the relationship further within multiple subsamples and with alternative models. Only the lowest quality childcare providers are significantly associated with lower prices in areas that we hypothesize suffer from greater information asymmetry.     

The pricing and hedging of structured notes with systematic jump risk: An analysis of the USD knock-out reversed swap

Most of the interest rate derivative pricing models are jump-diffusion models, where the jump risk is assumed diversifiable. In this paper, we propose a Heath–Jarrow–Morton model with systematic jump risk to derive the no-arbitrage condition using Esscher transformation. Based on the Heath–Jarrow–Morton model with systematic jump risk, the dynamic process of the LIBOR market model with systematic jump risk is then developed. By decomposing the USD knock-out reversed swap into three derivative components, i.e., interest rate swap, interest rate digital call (IRDC) and cap, the pricing of the swap can be obtained from the dynamic process of the LIBOR market model with systematic jump risk. We show how the swap issuers/investors can hedge the swap risk using these three derivative components. The numerical analyses are conducted to show the impact of jump risk on the values of IRDC, cap and swap.     

Economic Democracy: Solution or New Challenge ∗

Abstract Kaleckians and partisans of the capital monopoly approach have argued that additional outlays on unproductive labor increase economic activity under three conditions: investment is sensitive to realized rates of capacity utilization; savings out of wages and salaries are assumed away; prices are fixed by a markup over unit direct costs. The present model examines what happens when the last hypothesis is modified, i.e., when megacorps are assumed to fix prices on the basis of total unit costs, more specifically on the basis of target-return pricing procedures. Because higher costs are shifted on to productive labor, through higher prices and a reduction in their real wages, additional unproductive outlays may have a negative impact on economic activity. It turns out, in addition, that one must carefully distinguish between unproductive labor outlays and unproductive capital outlays when firms are assumed to shift these additional costs to consumers, on the basis of target-return pricing procedures.     

二元结构环境下的IPO定价模型研究

本文传承我国国情和股票发行定价制度的历史、现状,基于相对估价法的基本原理,采用"变异系数法"分析企业特质,辅之以相关性的技术处理,构建了一个企业特质评价指标体系,采用"标准化加权评价法"加以评价后,创造性地通过"标准差倍数法"的技术处理将之纳入定价模型.然后分别立足于一级市场和二级市场,构建一步静态模型和两步静态模型,为检验模型的应用效果,本文提出了IPO定价的四个检验标准,并做了实证检验评估.最后结合新股循价制度改革和实践,对IPO定价问题做进一步的检验探讨.     

行为资产定价理论综述

如何刻画投资者行为是资产定价理论 50年来发展的主要脉络。在消费资本资产定价模型基础上 ,通过修正投资者的效用函数而发展起来的行为资产定价理论 ,对投资者行为的认识达到了新的高度。本文构造了行为资产定价的一般均衡研究框架 ,指出了此框架与行为金融理论的区别 ,并在此框架下 ,综述了当前流行的行为资产定价模型。文章最后分析了行为资产定价理论的下一步发展方向。