关系型借贷、银行竞争与中小企业融资研究述评

目前,银企关系、银行竞争对中小企业信贷融资的影响还存在争议。本文系统梳理了银企关系和银行竞争对中小企业融资影响的相关文献,从中小企业借贷可得性、成本和风险的角度,全面考察了银企关系和银行竞争的影响,同时分析了两者的相互作用。结果显示,银企关系、银行竞争会对中小企业信贷融资产生影响,且银企关系与银行竞争之间存在交互作用,但银企关系、银行竞争对中小企业融资的具体影响方向、大小存在显著的国别差异。在考察我国中小企业信贷融资过程中,需要结合宏观经济和信贷市场实际情况,区分不同理论的适用性,以期为缓解中小企业融资难题的研究和实践提供借鉴。     

新冠疫情下银企关系对小微企业融资缺口缓解作用研究——兼论政策效应影响北大核心CSSCI

本文研究疫情期间银企关系在小微企业融资中的作用,及疫情后政府相关政策对于小微企业融资可得性的影响。研究表明,紧密的银企关系能显著提升小微企业融资可得性,政府支持可以缓解疫情后小微企业的融资缺口;银企关系对不同行业企业融资缺口的作用具有差异性;与银行保持紧密关系且获得政府支持的企业,其融资缺口更小。建议:鼓励银行等金融机构培育更多“小微熟客”,降低信息搜集成本,改善信贷市场中的信息不对称程度,提高小微企业融资获得性;银行等金融机构对遭受疫情冲击较大的行业的小微企业提供更有针对性的融资服务;政府部门持续推出惠企政策,改善小微企业融资环境。     

关系银行影响因素及与银行信贷融资关系的研究

西方学者较早提出了关系银行理论,认为关系银行能够有效缓解银企之间的信息不对称。随着我国市场经济的发展,中小企业融资难问题亟待解决,这一理论开始得到学者们的关注。本文利用线性和Logit回归模型,一方面分析了关系银行的影响因素,另一方面证实了关系银行与企业特别是中小企业信贷融资的关系。本文认为关系银行对解决我国中小企业融资难问题有着重要的意义,建议在实践中充分发挥关系银行的作用。     

基于新闻文本共现性的银企关系分析——以房地产上市公司为例

本文首次提出基于新闻文本共现性衡量银企关系强度的指标。相比多数传统方法,该指标能够更为全面地反映银行和企业间的业务和非业务联系,并在数据可获得性上也具备优势。据此,本文对2009年至2014年间我国238家房地产上市公司与19家主要内资银行之间的银企关系强度进行了定量度量,并利用该指标对银企关系影响企业信贷融资能力的规律进行了实证分析。结果显示,良好的银企关系确实能显著提高企业的信贷可得性,但整体上对企业信贷融资成本的影响有限。同时,上述影响规律存在显著的企业间差异,对于规模小或盈利能力弱的企业,银企关系尤其能够帮助其提高信贷可得性或降低信贷融资成本。     

利率市场化增加企业信贷成本了吗?——基于中国某省信贷数据的研究

本文运用中国某省2011-2016年间近100万笔信贷数据,考察利率市场化对企业信贷成本的影响。结果显示,利率市场化加剧银行之间市场竞争,考察利率市场化的影响不仅需要区分企业特征因素,还要考察不同类型贷款的差异。从企业视角看,利率市场化利于缓解银行对企业的"套牢"问题,降低大企业和高资信企业信贷成本,但会增加普通中小企业信贷成本。从银行视角看,利率市场化对企业信贷成本的影响与贷款契约有关,贷款期限会弱化利率市场化对增加企业信贷成本的影响,且不同类型银行的差别化定价策略存在差异。     

关系型借贷对中小企业融资成本的影响——基于广西中小企业调查的实证研究

文章在研究关系型借贷理论的基础上,分析了中小企业的关系型借贷与融资成本之间的关系,通过构建计量经济模型实证研究了合作的银行数量、银企合作时间、企业的人情消费和银企关系的满意度等因素对中小企业融资成本的影响.研究发现：银企关系的满意度和企业销售额与贷款利率呈显著的负相关关系;银企合作时间等其他因素符合假设但并不显著.最后,从企业、银行和政府的角度,提出了降低中小企业融资成本的相关政策建议.     

银行市场结构与中小企业融资

本文从银行角度,分析银行市场结构对中小企业融资的影响。中小银行在获得"软信息"方面成本较低,在为中小企业提供信贷方面具有比较优势,从而中小银行的发展有利于缓解中小企业融资难问题。同时,银行之间的竞争促进银行降低贷款成本,也提高了中小企业获得贷款的机会,并降低信贷成本。为此,为缓解中小企业融资难问题,政策上应加快中小银行的发展,并通过打破垄断,促进银行之间的良性竞争,提升银行效率。     

银企关系对中小高科技企业融资的影响——基于我国创业板上市公司的实证分析

中小高科技企业的作用日益凸显,其在促进经济创新方面起到不可替代的重要作用.在经济下行的大环境下,解决其筹资需要成为大难题.现有研究表明银企关系可以降低企业融资成本,增加企业融资总额.但现有银企关系的研究更多偏向于普通的中小企业,忽视了对这类具有明显高风险、高投入特征中小高科技企业的研究.本文以中小高科技企业与银企关系为研究对象,试图揭示银企关系对中小高科技企业银行贷款总额的影响.首先从理论上梳理了关于融资的理论如融资约束理论、信贷配给理论,同时也对银企关系按逻辑关系及发展历史作了阐述.继而剖析了中小高科技企业特点与筹资窘境,提出银企关系有助于其获得银行贷款的猜想.本文用银企关系长度、关系银行数量、企业董事会成员是否具有银行从业背景来度量银企关系,利用2009-2013年创业板数据,进行多元线性回归分析,证实银企关系中关系银行数量,高管具有银行背景能够显著增加中小高科技企业银行贷款总额,银企关系时长与中小高科技企业银行贷款总额无显著性正相关.最后,本文提出对中小高科技企业的发展建议,如适当建立与多家银行的业务关系、与银行保持长期稳定的业务合作关联、多加引入具有银行背景的人才、中小高科技企业提高自身竞争力.本文的创新体现在以下两个方面:第一,创新是社会的驱动机,中小高科技企业在未来社会发展中占据重要地位,其融资难问题亟待解决.本文选择前人没有关注过的中小高科技企业作为切入点,专注研究银企关系对于中小高科技企业的融资规模的影响,虽小而精.第二,中小高科技企业性质独特,与其他普通中小企业有所区别,前人的研究应用于它们身上是否适用,能否得到相同的结论？以现有结论为起点进行猜想,并通过实证分析来证实猜想:中小高科技企业的信息不对称是否会影响到贷款总额呢？这也是本文第二大创新之处.这也是前人没有研究过的问题,本文将通过实证分析来对此进行探讨.     

供应链融资:抵押品约束与中小企业信贷配给的有效突破

本文认为,银企之间的信息不对称所导致的信用缺失及其授信困难,是当前制约中小企业融资的关键所在.供应链融资作为一种信用--引致型金融创新,能够较好地降低商业银行与中小企业之间的信息不对称,提高中小企业的信用度,突破抵押担保的硬性约束,并降低商业银行的信贷风险,从而有效地缓解中小企业信贷配给困境.     

农村中小企业融资需求与信贷可获性

本文基于江苏省264家中小企业的调查数据,从企业自身特征、企业主特征、银企关系、市场因素实证分析影响不同类型中小企业信贷可得性的因素。结果表明:没有融资需求的企业与获得贷款企业在盈利能力、杠杆率以及企业主从事该行业的时间等方面有很大的相似之处;影响企业申请贷款的关键因素是企业从事的行业类型、银企关系以及政府支持政策;申请贷款的企业杠杆率越高,其获得贷款的可能性越低,与企业有联系的银行数目越多,企业与银行联系的频率越高,企业的信贷可得性越高。此外,小银行是中小企业融资的主要渠道,小银行优势得以证明。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

Short-sale refinancing and price adjustment speed to bad news: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

Short selling may accelerate stock price adjustment to negative news. However, the literature provides mixed evidence for this prediction. Using short-sale refinancing and a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model, this paper explores the effect of short selling on stock price adjustment. Our results show that (1) short-sale refinancing improves the speed of stock price adjustment to negative news. This result holds after we control for endogeneity. (2) The positive relationship between short-sale refinancing and stock price adjustment speed is significant in subsamples of stocks with higher earnings management or lower accuracy of analyst forecasts, indicating that firms with more opaque information are more likely to be targeted by short sellers. In subsamples of stocks with a higher ownership concentration or lower ownership by institutional investors, short selling is more likely to increase the speed of stock price adjustment, indicating that ownership structure may influence negative news mining. (3) As short-sale refinancing exacerbates the absorption of bad news by stock prices, it increases crash risk. This study enriches the research on the economic consequences of short selling and provides empirical evidence supporting regulations on short selling in China.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:     

The China puzzle: Opportunities for accounting research

How can China achieve phenomenal economic growth despite what is considered as 'weak' institutions in market-based economies? Xu(2011) provides a framework to u...     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original