知识产权保护如何影响了中国的出口边际

本文将知识产权保护纳入企业异质性贸易模型中,从理论上分析了知识产权保护对出口边际的作用机制。在此基础上,本文构建了一个包含知识产权保护变量的扩展贸易引力模型,基于2002-2013年中国对95个出口市场的制造业产品出口数据,利用OLS和工具变量估计方法实证考察了出口市场的知识产权保护对中国出口增长的二元边际所产生的影响。结果表明,知识产权保护对中国出口扩展边际的影响显著为正,对集约边际的影响显著为负,知识产权保护主要通过扩展边际促进了中国的出口增长。经济规模、地理距离、固定贸易成本、多边阻力等主要通过扩展边际影响了中国的出口。上述估计结果对于技术密集型行业、出口边际的不同分解方法和知识产权保护的不同测算指标的估计依然稳健。     

技术性贸易措施影响中国制造业出口的实证分析——基于企业异质性视角的研究

文章在企业异质性视角下,利用修正后的引力模型,分析了影响2004～2007年中国制造业29个子产业出口的因素。研究表明多数子产业同质性程度较高,产出和出口主要集中于众多中小企业。考虑企业异质性情形下,产业内出口规模对贸易壁垒引起的贸易成本变化更加敏感。研究也发现较之距离缩短,技术性贸易措施减少引起的贸易成本降低有更明显的贸易促进效应。     

出口开放、市场邻近与异质性企业工资差距——基于中国工业企业数据的实证研究

本文基于贸易引力方程和新经济地理学的研究框架,将出口开放纳入市场邻近指标的测算,利用中国区域间投入产出、地理距离和贸易数据,构建了城市层面出口内生的市场邻近指标。并在匹配企业数据和相关城市控制变量的基础上,通过两阶段最小二乘回归实证检验了其对企业工资差距的影响。研究发现:出口内生的市场邻近程度的改善有利于促进企业工资水平的提升,且引入控制变量和考虑内生性问题后的结果均十分稳健;但这对不同类型和不同地区企业的影响并不一致,出口内生的市场邻近水平的提升尽管会带动出口和高MA地区企业工资的上涨,但却不利于非出口和低MA地区企业工资的改善,从而扩大了企业工资差距。由此本文从改善出口开放与市场邻近水平入手,提出了化解企业工资差距难题的相关建议。     

贸易自由化对中国非正规就业的地区效应及动态影响——基于微观数据的经验研究

本文根据产品层面关税数据构建地区贸易保护程度指标,衡量我国不同省份的贸易开放程度,进而将地区层面指标与CHNS个体数据匹配,利用独立混合横截面数据和logit回归,实证检验贸易自由化对我国非正规就业的地区效应和动态影响。结果表明,贸易自由化提升了我国劳动者从事非正规就业的概率,且贸易自由化程度越深入的地区,个体从事非正规就业的概率越大。中国加入WTO后,贸易自由化对非正规就业最显著的提升效应发生在2006—2009年间。贸易自由化对不同户口、不同性别和不同技能个体的非正规就业效应具有异质性,农村、中低技能个体从事非正规就业的概率更高,对女性的影响则滞后于男性。     

中国出口贸易文化异质性效应研究——来自主要贸易伙伴国的经验证据

本文通过引入马氏距离法来测度文化异质性,在Anderson和van Wincoop(2003)的框架下构建了一个具有微观理论基础的扩展引力模型,并使用Baier和Bergstand(2009)一阶泰勒近似的方法来控制多边阻力,在此基础上研究了文化异质性对中国出口贸易的影响.研究发现:(1)文化因素是中国出口贸易的重要影响因素,文化异质性对中国出口贸易具有显著的抑制效应,向贸易伙伴国的出口随着文化差异的增加而显著减少;(2)相对于高收入贸易伙伴国,向低收入贸易伙伴国的出口受文化异质性的影响相对更强;(3)文化异质性对中国出口贸易的影响存在显著的产品差异.文化异质性对初级产品的出口抑制作用较大,对工业制成品的出口抑制作用较小.本文的研究结论表明增强出口市场自主选择性、调整出口结构、进一步完善出口企业配套信息服务机制对促进出口贸易平稳较快增长具有重要意义.     

贸易便利化措施对中国出口企业的异质性影响--基于引力模型分析

本文采用口岸效率、海关环境、规制环境和电子商务4个指标对中国2000年-2006年的贸易便利化水平进行测度。同时选取同时期中国纺织行业3654家企业的出口数据,计算企业出口的扩展边际、数量边际和价格边际,并基于引力模型实证分析中国贸易便利化水平对出口企业的影响。研究结果表明,贸易便利化对出口边际存在异质性影响,显著提升了数量边际,抑制了价格边际,并且不同的措施对扩展边际有更为复杂的作用。     

伙伴国监管限制对美国保险服务出口的影响分析

美国服务贸易总量世界第一,保险是为数不多的服务贸易逆差部门之一,保险市场的国际扩张必不可免.本文构建拓展贸易引力模型用以研究影响美国保险服务出口额的核心变量.重点考察美国32个贸易伙伴国监管规则对美国保险服务出口的影响.研究结果表明,GDP、人口、地理距离等传统因素仍是影响美国保险服务出口的重要因素.双边自由贸易协定的...     

中国对CPTPP国家的农产品出口效率和潜力研究——基于随机前沿引力模型

使用随机前沿引力模型分析2002—2020年中国对CPTPP国家农产品的出口效率及贸易潜力。研究结果显示：中国农产品出口CPTPP各国的贸易效率差异较大，市场拓展潜力不同；CPTPP国家GDP水平、贸易自由度、金融自由度、商业自由度和同属“东盟10+3”等因素对中国农产品出口有正向作用，贸易国人口规模、地理距离和关税等因素对中国农产品出口有负向作用。为进一步提升中国农产品出口效率，应积极推动CPTPP谈判进程，加强与CPTPP国家经贸合作，提升贸易便利化水平。     

国际需求萎缩冲击、贸易网络与中国“稳外贸”目标

“稳外贸”是实现中国外贸高质量发展的基础。本文从贸易网络视角出发，探讨国际需求萎缩冲击背景下企业贸易网络地位的“稳外贸”效应。基于2000—2013年中国海关数据库、中国工业企业数据库和CEPII全球双边贸易数据库的匹配数据，本文测算了企业层面相对外生的国际需求萎缩冲击指标和企业贸易网络地位指标。研究发现，国际需求萎缩冲击抑制了中国企业出口，提升企业贸易网络地位有助于缓解国际需求冲击的出口抑制效应。机制分析表明，企业贸易网络地位主要通过增强网络信息效应和网络资源获取能力发挥作用。异质性分析表明，贸易网络地位主要缓解来自外围国家的需求萎缩冲击和多产品企业、需求网络集中度较低企业遭受的国际需求萎缩冲击。在国际复杂变局下，本研究对稳定中国外贸基本盘具有现实意义。     

东道国营商环境与中国对外直接投资:来自“一带一路”沿线国家的经验证据

基于“一带一路”沿线40个国家2008—2019年数据,利用修正后的投资引力模型考察东道国营商环境与中国对外直接投资之间的关系。研究表明：总体上,东道国营商环境的提高能够促进中国的对外直接投资。进一步研究表明：中国对“一带一路”沿线国家的对外直接投资存在地理区位异质性、发展程度异质性和营商环境子指标异质性;文化距离在东道国营商环境对中国对外直接投资的影响中存在负向调节效应。本文的研究为“一带一路”沿线国家优化营商环境,促进贸易投资提供了新的证据,并从政府与企业双重维度提出相应的政策建议。     

Where Do Firms Export,How Much and Why?

The empirical finding that exporting firms are more productive on average than non‐exporters has provoked a large theoretical literature based on models such as Melitz ( 2003 ), where more productive firms are more likely to overcome costs associated with trade. This paper investigates how closely the productivity heterogeneity framework fits the data from a firm‐level survey that includes information on export destinations and firm characteristics such as productivity. We find a high degree of unpredictable idiosyncratic participation in export markets by firms and a relatively weak positive correlation between the extent of a firm's export market participation and its export sales. We find that a small number of standard gravity variables provide a close fit to the country‐level determinants of trade but that greater variation results in more difficulty in explaining firm‐specific factors driving exporting behaviour. We also illustrate some elements of the dynamics over time in firm exporting patterns by destination. We show that lagged exporting activity has a significant effect on a firm's current exporting profile.     

Exporters and Importers of Services: Firm‐Level Evidence on Italy

This work contributes to the growing literature on international trade in services at firm level. Our data set provides information on exports and imports of services (excluding transportation and travel) in 2008–09 for almost 3,000 Italian industrial and services firms, divided by partner country and type of service. We report a set of stylised facts on services trade and analyse the choice between export and foreign direct investment in services at the firm level. We find that the export and import of services are highly concentrated in just a few firms. Firm‐level variation in trade is positively correlated with firm size and productivity. Country‐level variation is to a large extent explained by the standard gravity variables: distance strongly reduces trade in services in spite of their intangibility. Smaller and less productive firms choose to export rather than sell through foreign affiliates, although there is some heterogeneity among service types.     

出口与企业绩效:主要论题与最新进展

异质性企业贸易模型将企业的异质特征作为研究变量,加之企业层面数据的日益丰富和可用性,使对国际贸易问题的研究由宏观产业层面转向更加微观的企业层面。本文以企业异质性为焦点,对近年来大量关于出口与企业绩效之间关系的理论研究和实证研究的文献进行系统梳理,厘清了出口与企业绩效之间的因果关系,并做出简要评述。     

The effect of the Uruguay round on the intensive and extensive margins of trade

Do tariffs inhibit trade flows by limiting the entry of exporters (‘firm extensive margin’) or by restricting the average volume exported by each firm (‘firm intensive margin’)? Using a gravity equation approach, we analyze how the decrease in tariffs promoted during the 90s by the Uruguay Round multilateral trade agreement affected the trade margins of French firms for 57 sectors and 147 countries from 1993 to 2002. Our main contribution is to estimate the elasticity of trade on both margins, controlling for the unobserved heterogeneity of trade flows thanks to a three-dimensional panel and to time-varying tariffs as a measure of variable trade costs. Our results show that the number of firms exporting in a given sector to a given destination is related to the level of tariffs. But they also show that the decrease in tariffs induced by the implementation of the Uruguay Round did not lead more firms to export and that it only induced incumbent exporters to increase their shipments. We control for two problems that may affect our basic specification: tariff changes may be endogenous and zero flows are not included. Our results are confirmed — even when the extensive margin is significant, its magnitude is very small.     

Barriers to Exporting: What are They and Who do They Matter to?

The international trade literatures on gravity modelling and firm‐level export behaviour have established that nontariff barriers are important impediments to international trade flows. In this paper, we provide fresh evidence on the actual barriers to exports firms face and how they vary with firm‐level characteristics. Our results indicate that the higher the export experience of firms the lower are the trade costs they face. These barriers are not related to other firm‐level characteristics, such as productivity and size, found by the literature to be associated with export market entry. Overall, these results suggest the existence of a process of learning to export whereby firms learn how to cope with export barriers through direct experience in export markets.     

Firm heterogeneity and international trade in services

This study, using panel data on Japanese firms, analyses the relationship between services trade and firm heterogeneity. It finds that the number of firms engaged in services trade is far less than that engaged in goods trade. Further, the productivity of services traders is higher than that of domestic firms and goods trading firms, whereas the productivity of firms that export services beyond the boundary of their firm groups is higher than that of those that export services only to their affiliate firms. These results suggest that only productive firms can engage in services trade by incurring the relatively large fixed costs.     

Do Financial Constraints Matter for Foreign Market Entry? A Firm‐level Examination

Recent theoretical and empirical contributions stress the importance of financial development for international trade. This paper investigates whether financial constraints matter for foreign market entry at the firm level using dynamic panel data techniques. Dynamic Probit and Tobit models that account for state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity are used to analyse the effect of financial indicators on export activities. The empirical framework tests for heterogeneous effects among different quartiles of the size and productivity distribution, across previous exporters and potential starters, and across different types of industries as those are predicted by theoretical models. The empirical analysis is applied to a large panel dataset of French manufacturing firms over the years 1998–2005. The data contain a high share of small firms that are usually the most likely to be financially constrained. Although financial indicators are significantly correlated with export status and export share, there is no evidence that financial constraints have a direct impact on foreign market participation or sales in foreign markets once observed and unobserved firm heterogeneity is controlled for. This result is robust to using alternative estimation techniques and also holds for subgroups of firms that are more likely to face financial constraints and industries that are more dependent on financial factors.     

Domestic transport infrastructure and firms’ export market participation

Investment in transport infrastructure reduces the cost of distance and enables firms to establish contacts over larger distances. Using data from a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms and geographic information system techniques, this article studies the impact of domestic transport cost reductions on firms’ export market participation, taking into account the role of entry costs and other firm characteristics. We estimate dynamic probability models, controlling for the unobserved heterogeneity of firms and for the simultaneity of firms’ export and location decisions. Our results demonstrate a positive effect of domestic transport infrastructure improvements on small and medium-sized firms’ probability of exporting.     

Exporting and Environmental Performance: A Firm‐level Productivity Analysis

The objective of this paper is to study empirically the relationship between export orientation and firms’ environmental performance from different perspectives of trade theory. On the one hand, productivity heterogeneity is analysed within the new trade‐theoretical framework. The approach followed is to determine firm‐level productivity components, including an environmental productivity indicator (as a performance measure) and taking as reference the Spanish food industry. On the other hand, from the traditional comparative advantage perspective, this study also develops an export performance model to evaluate the effect of technology, environmental variables and factor endowment on exporting. The results show greater environmental productivity and corporate efficiency for export‐oriented firms. Our findings also determine the positive effect on firms’ export intensity of environmental performance as a factor of specialisation and technology proficiency.