竞争性战略联盟网络外部性研究

网络外部性特征对产业的竞争行为、定价策略等有着重要影响。本文分析了网络外部性对竞争性联盟成员利润的影响以及联盟外企业网络外部性对联盟成员利润的影响。研究结果表明,产品网络的外部性能驱动联盟的利润动机;竞争性战略联盟的利润与联盟的网络外部性强度是正相关关系,与联盟外企业的网络外部性强度是负相关关系。根据研究结果,本文最后提出了相关建议。     

网络经济条件下企业兼容策略探讨

本文应用霍特林模型,讨论具有网络外部性的产品兼容策略.研究结果表明,在双头垄断市场环境中,厂商和社会的理性决策都应当是采取兼容策略,在兼容市场中,相时于不兼容市场来说,价格升高,厂商的利润增加,消费者的消费者剩余减少,社会福利减少.网络外部性增加了市场竞争的激烈程度,使得产品的价格比没有网络外部性时更低.     

网络外部性对中国企业海外投资区位选择的影响

本文利用2000-2010年中国在沪市上市的836家共投资于56个国家或地区的样本企业数据,通过条件logit回归,分析了网络外部性对中国企业海外投资区位选择的影响.实证结果表明:网络外部性与中国企业海外投资区位选择之间存在倒U型关系.同时,企业来源地和企业控制类型对网络外部性存在调节作用,相同来源地企业受到的网络外部性影响大于不同来源地企业,非国有企业受到的网络外部性影响大于国有企业.在进一步的细分中,国有企业和非国有企业中,相同来源地企业受到的网络外部性影响亦大于不同来源地企业;相同来源地和不同来源地企业中,非国有企业受到的网络外部性影响亦大于国有企业.另外,企业来源地和企业控制类型的影响力大小不一,相同来源地的非国有企业受到的网络外部性影响力最大,不同来源地的国有企业受到的网络外部性影响力最小.最后,在进一步剔除香港的检验中,除个别差异外,基本验证了上述结论.     

基于网络外部性的技术垄断分析

网络技术的广泛使用使更多的产业呈现出网络外部性的特性。存在网络外部性的市场具有显著的路径依赖、正反馈和赢家通吃的特征,新企业和新技术面临很高的进入壁垒。先发企业利用网络外部性的规模优势、互补需求和延伸加和优势,以及构建起来的用户的转移壁垒,强化了市场的支配地位,使得企业技术垄断的强度和持久度得以提升。网络外部性促进了技术垄断的形成,成为技术垄断新的基础。基于网络外部性的技术垄断对市场结构和企业竞争策略都在产生越来越重要的影响。     

网络外部性与网络金融发展差异分析

网络的特性导致网络产品异于一般产品的供求规律,而且不同的网络产品外部性强弱的差别将导致其发展状况的差异。网络金融是基于互联网的金融创新,具有网络产品的特性。目前,网络证券、网络银行和网络保险的发展情况,表明外部性较强的网络证券和部分网络银行业务发展较为迅速,而外部性较弱的大额借贷以及保险等业务的网络产品发展较慢,可见外部性强弱的差别是导致其发展状况差异的原因之一。     

“金汉斯”的网络外部性分析

网络外部性是指消费者消费产品所获得的效用随着购买该产品或兼容产品的其他消费者数量增加而不断增加。网络外部性广泛地存在于现实经济生活中,娱乐餐饮业也存在其明显的网络外部性。本文从网络产业经济学的视角,对金汉斯的网络外部性加以分析。大量的事实证明,消费者的选择不仅建立在他们个人偏好和收入上,还要受到他人选择的影响,是否光临特定的餐饮、娱乐场所进行消费,要受到喜欢同一家餐饮、娱乐场所的消费者数量的影响,在经济学中也被称作“从众心理”,即消费者个人偏好的社会显示。这种从众心理的存在,形成了娱乐、餐饮场所的网络外部性,而商家恰好利用这种外部性,最终获得了消费者忠诚度和自家的良好声望。     

电商平台集聚的网络外部性机理与效应分析

在电商平台集聚的现状描述基础上,对电商平台的网络外部性机理进行分析,指出从网络外部性的机理上看电商平台集聚具有交叉网络外部性和一般外部性特征,从网络外部性的具体表现上看电商平台集聚具有消费流共享效应、信息流共享效益和基础设施共享效应。     

网络效应下的技术创新与竞争——以办公软件行业为例

网络效应(或网络外部性)是指一种经济行为的价值随着采取相同经济行为的个体数量的变化而变化的情况。在具有网络效应的市场中,厂商的技术创新和技术竞争表现出了新的特点,特别是在电信、计算机硬件和软件、互联网等信息产业中表现最为明显。本文以我国办公软件市场为例,分析了办公软件行业技术创新与竞争的现状,指出了网络效应理论在办公软件行业技术竞争中的应用以及国产办公软件的难题与契机。     

网络效应

除了供应方的规模经济,信息产品市场的一个关键之处在于需求方的网络外部性。当一种产品对一位用户的价值取决于该产品别的用户数量时,经济学家就说这种产品显示出网络外部性或网络效应。通信技术是一个主要的例子:电话、传真机、调制解调器、电子邮件和互联网都显示出网络效应。     

网络效应下的技术创新与竞争——以办公软件行业为例

网络效应（或网络外部性）是指一种经济行为的价值随着采取相同经济行为的个体数量的变化而变化的情况。在具有网络效应的市场中，厂商的技术创新和技术竞争表现出了新的特点、特别是在电信、计算机硬件和软件、互联网等信息产业中表现最为明显。本文以我国办公软件市场为例，分析了办公软件行业技术创新与竞争的现状，指出了网络效应理论在办公软件行业技术竞争中的应用以及国产办公软件的难题与契机。     

Strategic Compatibility Choice,Network Alliance,and Welfare

Based on a simple model of compatibility choice under differentiated Cournot duopoly with network externalities, we consider how the levels of a network externality and product substitutability affect the choice of compatibility. In particular, if the level of network externality is larger than that of product substitutability, there are multiple equilibria involving imperfect and perfect compatibility. Furthermore, we demonstrate the conditions for constructing such a network alliance so that firms provide perfectly compatible products. The network alliance is stable and socially optimal.     

A model of product compatibility introduction with consumer recognition

Firms recognizing consumers often use behavior-based pricing (BBP), i.e., condition prices on purchase history. Prior research studies the framework with independent product offerings and shows that BBP leads to poaching and decreases each firm's profits. In this paper, we investigate the efficacy of BBP in a two-period duopoly where firms provide compatible product categories and endogenously determine the levels of cross-compatibility. We first revisit the impact of behavior-based pricing in the traditional framework with independent offerings and verify the competition-increasing effect of BBP. We then examine how the impact of BBP differs when firms introduce product compatibility. Interestingly, we find that firms can benefit from BBP when firms introduce product compatibility. More specifically, when the value consumers obtain from perfect compatibility is moderate, implementing BBP is more profitable than without consumer recognition. The intuition is that when the value of perfect compatibility is medium, consumers do not expect good switching deals in the second period and firms can charge higher prices in the first period. Our findings not only complement the BBP literature but also shed light on the firms' strategic decisions on product compatibility.     

Marketing compatible, yet differentiated, products : In search of competitive equilibria when network externalities are at work

Many goods are characterized by the fact that their utility increases with the number of consumers who buy them. It is the case for computers or communication networks, for example. Such goods are said to be subject to network externalities. We study those externalities in the context of a product differentiation model where product characteristics (or the image of the firm) are taken into account.We consider a market where two firms sell differentiated products and we study an equilibrium where the firms are competing in quantities (Cournot model) as well as in quality (two-stage game). We show how the degree of differentiation between the firms (or their products) and the compatibility decision are affected by the externality effect.     

EXTERNALITIES IN PRODUCTION AND CHAOS

The paper investigates the stability of a competitive equilibrium if there are externalities in production. There is a positive externality associated with capital, e.g. a spill-over of technological knowledge, and a negative externality associated with an environmental factor of production. Firms are assumed not to take these externalities into account when they adjust their factor allocation to changes in factor prices It is shown that all types of adjustment paths. including chaotic ones, are feasible.     

Policies and international trade agreements on technical compatibility for industries with network externalities

The paper considers a country (home) in which consumers have heterogeneous preferences over ex ante incompatible domestic and imported products and benefit from a network externality. We analyze the cases with trade under perfect competition and the international duopoly, in which both governments strategically use policies toward compatibility but cannot use conventional trade policies. In both cases, the equilibrium outcome of the non-cooperative game depends upon the strength of the network externality effect and involves either an excessively high equilibrium level of compatibility (in combination with either too much or too little trade) or very low equilibrium levels of both compatibility and trade. The paper concludes with the analysis of the international agreements on policies toward compatibility and evaluates the existing provisions in the WTO legal system aimed at minimizing the trade-inhibiting impact of standards and regulations in the area of technical compatibility.     

Quality-cum-price sorting

This paper provides new evidence on how export status relates to prices and product quality. Using firm-product-level data on production, exports and imports for a sample of Danish manufacturing firms, we present three key correlations. First, exported varieties are on average sold at lower prices relative to only domestically sold varieties. Second, exported varieties have higher quality measured by ‘demand residuals’ (i.e., they have larger sales conditional on price). Finally, exported varieties are produced using cheaper imported intermediates. We introduce the term ‘quality-cum-price sorting’ to describe this sorting environment. The observed sorting behaviour in terms of output quality and import prices works not just across firms, but also within multi-product firms across the product portfolio. In contrast, the negative exporter premium in terms of output prices vanishes once firm-level unobservables are accounted for—consistent with the idea that unobserved firm efficiency is driving the negative correlation.     

The externalities of credit default swaps on stock return synchronicity

We examine the externality effect of customer firms’ credit default swap (CDS) trading on the stock price informativeness of supplier firms. Our empirical results show that firms with a high proportion of sales to CDS referenced customers tend to have more firm-specific embedded information in their stock prices and thus higher stock price informativeness, which is associated with a lower level of stock return synchronicity. We provide new evidence of CDS trading externality on equity market information environments along the supply chain.     

Welfare gains from Foreign Direct Investment through technology transfer to local suppliers

We hypothesize that multinational firms operating in emerging markets transfer technology to local suppliers to increase their productivity and to lower input prices. To avoid hold-up by any single supplier, the foreign firm must make the technology widely available. This technology diffusion induces entry and more competition which lowers prices in the supply market. As a result, not just the foreign-owned firm, but all firms downstream of that supply market obtain lower prices. We test this hypothesis using a panel dataset of Indonesian manufacturing establishments. We find strong evidence of productivity gains, greater competition, and lower prices among local firms in markets that supply foreign entrants. The technology transfer is Pareto improving — output and profits increase for firms in both the supplier and buyer sectors. Further, the technology transfer generates an externality that benefits buyers in other sectors downstream from the supply sector as well. This externality may provide a justification for policy intervention to encourage foreign investment.     

Role of gastronomic,externality and feasibility attributes in consumer demand for organic and local foods: The case of honey and apples

Local food systems providing high‐value products are seen as a tool to sustain economic activity on family farms in rural areas. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of gastronomic, externality and feasibility characteristics in consumers' demand for local and for organic foods. An Internet questionnaire survey was conducted in 2010 among Danish consumers. 3211 respondents completed the questionnaire, which included questions about respondents' food‐related values and their specific perception of organic and local varieties of honey and apples. Variables related to consumers' food‐related values and product perception were analysed using principal component analysis, in order to identify overall dimensions (factors) in these variables. Although statements about gastronomic attributes (e.g. taste, appearance, quality) were quite strongly represented in three of these factors, externality and availability concerns also contributed significantly to the overall variation in the variables. Multinomial logit choice modelling was used for describing the relationship between these dimensions and respondents' stated choices regarding organic and local varieties of honey and apples. Results suggest that although both organic and local food supply chains are often associated with special attributes such as gastronomic characteristics and relatively beneficial externality attributes, these attributes are perceived differently for the two types of supply chains. Perceived gastronomic quality is the most important determinant for food choice, but externality and feasibility aspects are also important correlates.     

Quality-adjusted price comparison of non-homogeneous products across Internet retailers

This study compares prices offered by multiple Internet retailers. This task is challenging because e-tailers cannot present their entire assortments to each consumer. Therefore, the quality of the product assortments presented by different e-tailers to each consumer is not directly comparable on an item-by-item basis, resulting in non-homogeneous offerings across retailers. We further consider the interaction between retailers (product information presentation format) and consumers (product information search strategies), which makes price comparisons among the retailers even more non-homogeneous. To grapple with this quality-adjusted price comparison problem for non-homogeneous products, we use a stochastic-frontier hedonic-price regression model to find the “lowest” theoretical price for a product given its characteristics. We then assess the price efficiency of the product as the ratio between this lowest price and the offered market price. This framework allows for the comparison of retailers in their ability to offer the “best deals” even when their actual assortments are not directly comparable in quality. Moreover, this framework provides Internet retailers with a relative measure of price efficiency. This helps them understand when and where they offer competitive prices to consumers. We illustrate our approach empirically in a comparison of price efficiency among three major Internet travel agents on a sample of posted itineraries and airfares. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the price efficiency of an Internet travel agent depends on the format of its website and on consumers' search strategies.