劳工标签:潜在技术性壁垒及当前的应对思路

在当前全球经济衰退环境下,贸易保护主义的风险加大。国际市场的收缩可能使我国企业面临更多的隐性贸易壁垒。劳工标签是其中较具代表性的一个问题。近年来,由政府主导的劳工标准与贸易政策挂钩的多边谈判陷入僵局,而以SA8000为代表的劳工标签,作为劳工标准的民间第三方认证,已对国际贸易活动产生较大影响。应重视当前形势下进口国可能加强的贸易保护倾向,全面认识劳工标准国际化和劳动力成本的提高,积极介入劳工标准与贸易相关问题的国际活动。     

国际劳工贸易壁垒与我国的应对策略

近年来，美国等发达国家多次提出将“国际劳工标准”纳入WTO的多边贸易体系，这种将贸易与劳工标准挂钩的做法实质是贸易保护主义。但同时我们也看到，我国现行的劳工标准与发达国家相比还有很大差距，我国的对外出口贸易已经受到国际劳工贸易壁垒的阻碍。因此，我们要积极应对国际劳工贸易壁垒，努力改善和提高我国的劳工标准。     

WTO贸易与劳工问题研究

WTO制度的调整对象能否扩展到“贸易与劳工”问题至今尚有争议。发达国家为了维护对市场份额的占有,积极倡导企业的社会责任,在劳工组织对劳工标准的推行配合下,在WTO体制内提出贸易和劳工议题。从多边贸易体制本身来说,WTO已经为贸易和劳工问题的解决留下了制度空间。从发展态势上看,WTO与其他国际组织的合作、区域经济一体化的蓬勃发展都将对WTO贸易和劳工议题的谈判产生重大影响。     

WTO体制下贸易与劳工问题研究

WTO制度的调整对象能否扩展到"贸易与劳工"问题至今尚有争议.发达国家为了维护对市场份额的占有,积极倡导企业的社会责任,在劳工组织对劳工标准的推行配合下,在WTO体制内提出贸易和劳工议题.从多边贸易体制本身来说,WTO已经为贸易和劳工问题的解决留下了制度空间.从发展态势上看,WTO与其他国际组织的合作、区域经济一体化的蓬勃发展都将对WTO贸易和劳工议题的谈判产生重大影响.     

劳工标准视野下的新贸易保护主义及中国的应对

自上世纪70年代中期以来,劳工标准问题逐渐成为发达国家和发展中国家在贸易领域关注的焦点问题之一。发达国家与发展中国家争议的焦点则在于是否应将国际贸易与劳工权利保护这一问题挂钩。虽然在2001年以来的多哈回合谈判中,由于广大发展中国家的强烈反对,劳工标准问题始终未能成为新一轮多边贸易谈判的内容,但劳工标准作为与贸易有关     

蓝色壁垒SA8000标准认证分析

蓝色壁垒作为一种新型的贸易壁垒,核心是SA8000标准,在理念上蓝色壁垒体现了人类社会文明的发展与进步。我国新的劳动合同法将企业的社会责任列入其中,大大地促进了我国劳工现状的改善,但在现实应用中更多的是表现出贸易保护的弊端,SA8000标准与蓝色贸易制度对我国出口贸易带来的影响更是不可忽视的。     

SA8000社会责任认证标准与蓝色壁垒的跨越

本文针对近年来发达国家借用蓝色条款,极力推行将“劳工标准”与国际贸易挂钩的情况,分析了发达国家对发展中国家设立“蓝色壁垒”的原因及其对发展中国家造成的危害,并提出我国作为劳动密集型产品出口大国应积极通过SA8000社会责任认证标准,以此来跨越“蓝色壁垒”,提高我国外贸企业尤其是劳动密集型企业的国际竞争力。     

蓝色贸易壁垒形成中的企业社会责任问题探析

发达国家出于贸易保护主义的目的,主张国际贸易同劳工标准挂钩。目前由发达国家主导制订的SA8000标准已经被用来作为限制发展中国家出口的新贸易壁垒。企业社会标准是一把"双刃剑",既符合发达国家价值观要求,又服务于其贸易保护目的。发展中国家需要一个痛苦的转型过程,逐步修正企业社会责任的意识,以适应国际贸易竞争的新要求。     

劳工标准与国际贸易挂钩的南北分歧与发展趋势

发达国家提出将劳工标准与国际贸易挂钩,有其深厚的经济和社会基础。在这一问题上,发达国家与发展中国家存在着根本性分歧：发达国家认为发展中国家的低劳工标准是社会倾销行为,而发展中国家认为挂钩是发达国家贸易保护主义的体现。尽管如此,发达国家仍是采取了种种举措在国际贸易中推行劳工标准,本文就此进行分析。     

社会责任SA8000标准对江苏出口企业的影响与对策

社会责任SA8000标准是规范企业道德行为的一个新标准,它要求企业遵循一些基本的道德规范,保护工人合法的劳工权益。本文分析了江苏企业在SA8000标准认证方面的现状,阐述了SA8000标准对江苏企业的影响,从企业角度提出应对SA8000标准的措施。     

刍议国际贸易中的贸易报复

20世纪 90年代后,随着经济全球化的发展,国际贸易领域中的争端和冲突日益增多,许多国家为了维护自己的经济利益,开始越来越多地采取贸易报复。目前,贸易报复已成为制约国际贸易发展的重要障碍之一,而要减少各国之间的贸易报复,首先需要真正地认识贸易报复。     

国际贸易理论的演进逻辑:贸易动因、贸易结构和贸易结果

国际贸易理论历经古典贸易理论、新古典贸易理论、新贸易理论、新兴古典贸易理论和新新贸易理论五个阶段,主要回答三个基本问题:贸易动因、贸易结构和贸易结果。依据不同的假设,贸易理论对影响贸易的边界条件的解释各不相同,对贸易动因解释也不相同;贸易结构从行业间贸易、行业内贸易发展为企业间贸易,国际贸易正在向全球化下的企业分工演变;贸易结果是国际贸易得以持续展开的效果,生产力提升是最终的结果。基于三个基本问题,比较各种国际贸易理论,揭示各种国际贸易理论的局限性,并做出评价。     

贸易自由化与中性贸易体制

贸易体制中性化是贸易自由化的内在要求，但是，中性化并不等于自由化，贸易自由化必须包括贸易体制中性化和减少贸易干预两个方面。贸易自由化的实质是建立有效的市场经济机制，减少对贸易的行政干预是贸易自由化成功与否的关键所在。     

货物贸易、服务贸易与技术贸易发展趋向

通过对世界货物贸易、世界服务贸易和国际技术贸易这三者的发展状况进行对比分析,考察三者在贸易自由化方面的关系,认为技术贸易自由化的阻力是技术贸易、服务贸易和货物贸易中最小的,且发展最快;服务贸易自由化的阻力又小于货物贸易自由化的阻力,其发展速度快于货物贸易,并据此提出我国应采取的对策建议。     

ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement: Evaluating Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects

The present study attempts to provide insight into the trade creation and trade diversion effects of ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement in goods, which came into force in 2010. The paper applies a theoretically consistent gravity model and uses empirically robust procedures such as ordinary least squares and pseudo-Poisson maximum likelihood in order to analyze the ex post effects of the agreement at an aggregate level. The results reveal that standard gravity variables are statistically significant and report expected signs, yet a reduction in export flows has been observed following the implementation of the free trade agreement, giving rise to pure trade diversion effects.     

Do Trade Agreements Increase Food Trade?

In addition to multilateral trade agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO), the world has seen a remarkable proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in the last two decades. This study investigates whether these multilateral and regional trade institutions increase food trade and bring the world into a freer flow of food. The gravity model of international trade is used for the empirical analysis. The model is developed in a large panel data setting and attempted to address some potential problems in the estimations including multilateral trade resistances, zero trade values and endogeneity. The results suggest that both the WTO and RTAs have delivered significant positive effects on trade among the participant countries, but not food. Only RTAs are found to have increased food trade among the participant countries. However, although on average the WTO is found to have negative implications on food trade, it facilitates the developing countries more than the developed countries.     

客户做什么生意，我们就做什么生意

要帮助客户做生意，自己应该成为一个合格的生意人，这样才能引起客户的共鸣和重视，赢得客户的尊重。[编者按]     

Do Trade Agreements Stimulate International Trade Differently? Evidence from 296 Trade Agreements

In a seminal article, Rose (2004) found that the assumed positive impact of the WTO on international trade was questionable. This finding has been scrutinised and modified in subsequent research, using different data sets, econometric methods and separating the WTO from other forms of trade agreements. A key characteristic of the subsequent literature is the rather simplistic way in which trade agreements are treated whereby all trade agreements are lumped together. Trade agreements come, however, in many different forms and shapes. This study addresses these differences in trade agreements. Using a unique database of 296 trade agreements, we distinguish 17 trade‐related policy domains and indicate whether the agreements contain legally enforceable commitments. This extensive and novel taxonomy of trade agreements enables us to allow for the possible heterogeneity of the impact of trade agreements on international trade. Using a gravity model, we find that trade agreement heterogeneity indeed matters for international trade and that countries experience significant trade increases due to comprehensive trade agreements even if not all participants are in the WTO.     

Growth and Trade vs. Trade and Growth

In the traditional trade literature, there is a well-developed area analyzing the effect of growth on trade and its reflection on income growth. This literature developed already in the 1950s and 1960s. Generally speaking, an interest in the effects of trade on growth has also existed for many years, where trade has often been viewed as an engine of growth. Cases in point are the "East Asian Tigers" and Japan which have especially benefited from outward-looking policies. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between economic growth and growth in income terms of trade, arguing that income terms of trade is a useful concept in analyses of the link between trade and growth. Our results suggest that fast-growing countries have either specialized in sectors with a relatively favorable development with regard to world market prices, or they have managed to successively improve quality within sectors, thereby avoiding falling terms of trade in spite of large increases in export volumes.