卡莱斯基增长模型的重新思考

鉴于卡莱斯基增长模型存在把经济增长完全归结为技术因素、只注重经济流量分析、适用范围窄等缺陷,本文将资本存量加入其中,使之成为一个可以反映市场经济关系的增长模型.同时,引入有效需求分析,得出一个重要结论:经济中收入流量时资本存量的变动,是导致有效需求不足问题的主要原因.为此,本文建议,在运用凯恩斯主义政策解决经济问题时,也必须注重对资本存量的调整.     

我国人力资本投资对经济增长的贡献

本文在对人力资本与经济增长的文献综述的基础上,利用我国统计年鉴中有关经济、教育数据计算我国人力资本存量与物质资本存量,并利用有效劳动模型和人力资本外部性模型,估计我国人力资本对经济增长的贡献,发现在我国经济增长过程中,物质资本存量的作用更为关键,而且人力资本投资对经济增长的外部性作用明显。     

贵州省就业人口人力资本存量对经济增长的影响

本文对贵州省1996-2014年就业人口人力资本存量数据进行实证分析,结果表明:就业人口人力资本存量对贵州省经济增长有显著的作用,其对经济增长的产出弹性系数为0.25,对经济增长的贡献率为21.3％,就业人口人力资本存量小于物质资本存量对经济增长的作用.拉动贵州省经济增长的主要驱动力还是在物质资本上,就业人口人力资本存量对贵州省经济增长的作用还没有充分发挥出来,故此贵州省应注重在完善现代教育体系,提高教育质量、推进健康贵州建设、完善人力合理流动机制等方面加大人力资本投资力度,提升就业人口数量和质量,增加就业人口人力资本存量.     

1978年-2003年我国农民实际收入增长率变动对经济增长质量影响的动态分析

西方经济学界常用的经济增长理论和模型一般主要描述的是产量和资本存量、劳动、储蓄率、技术等要素之间的数量关系，其模型虽然很多，但却较难找到一个非常适合中国经济现状的模型，而且如果将其应用于回归分析和长期预测也并不十分准确有效。譬如在哈罗德——多马模型中描述经济增长的一个基本方程式：     

我国经济增长中的需求结构失衡探源——基于存量-流量均衡的分析视角

改变高投资、低消费的经济增长模式已成为转变经济发展方式的核心议题。现有研究多是从收入流量的角度来分析需求结构问题,却忽视了资本存量变动的重要影响。本文运用存量-流量一致的分析方法,构建了一个反映企业成本收益核算的宏观经济分析模型。分析表明存量-流量比例失衡、收入分配差距拉大、需求结构失衡之间存在循环累积机制,结果集中表现为有效需求不足。降低过高的资产值,恢复存量-流量的合适比例是摆脱这一困境的根本办法。     

环境与经济增长的动态均衡分析

本文以Solow增长模型为基础,在生产函数中引入环境资本这一生产要素,建立了环境Solow模型。它首先分析了资本均衡点和环境资源均衡点的存在性,而后应用非线性微分方程组的相位图分析方法对密集形式模型中的资本存量变化率和环境资本存量变化率进行动态均衡分析,得到在模型设定的条件下,经济达到均衡增长路径的条件。本文同时分析了模型中的参数对过渡期和长期经济增长的影响,并利用脉冲响应函数对结论进行了实证检验。     

经济增长模型中的公共资本*

关于公共资本与经济增长关系的理论研究在近二十年来取得了长足进步。本文提供了一个一般性分析框架,将公共资本与经济增长领域的众多研究成果统一在该框架中进行了系统梳理,从而清晰呈现了其理论发展脉络。首先,本文在基本模型中探究了该领域内学者普遍关心的核心问题,这些问题包括增长率最大化与社会福利最大化公共投资规则以及最优与均衡转移路径等。然后,通过逐个放宽基本模型的假设,本文考察了主要结论在扩展模型中是否依然成立。具体而言,本文分别在公共资本具有拥挤性而非纯公共产品性质,公共资本折旧率内生决定而非外生给定,公共投资同时以流量与存量形式而非仅以存量形式影响私人生产以及存在多级政府而非仅一级政府的假设下,对模型结论进行了检验。本文探讨了这些更反映现实的假定对结论产生的不同影响,并进而指出该领域所面临的挑战与未来可能的发展方向。     

经济增长中的支出:流量和存量

本文通过建立内生模型,全面分析了具有拥挤效应的公共支出流量与存量对经济增长的作用,并分析了经济参数发生变化时均衡增长率的变化和最大增长率问题。     

湖北省R&D投入对经济增长贡献的实证研究

本文采用科布-道格拉斯生产函数模型,对1997-2011年间湖北省要素投入对经济增长的贡献进行了计量分析,并对资本、劳动和R&D投入对经济增长的贡献率进行了测算。结果发现,资本投入对经济增长的贡献度超过50%,是湖北省经济增长的主要驱动力。1997-2011年间,R&D存量对于经济增长的贡献率为26.09%,湖北省R&D投入对GDP增长的贡献率表现出一定的波动性。本文最后提出:决策者应该加大R&D的投入,并注重R&D结构的合理性,特别是对基础研究的投入。     

湖北省人力资本与经济增长的实证分析

利用湖北省1992—2007年的相关数据,论证出湖北省国内生产总值Yt、物质资本存量Kt、人力资本存量Ht和人力资本水平ht的时间序列数据符合卢卡斯的人力资本外部性内生经济增长模型,但人力资本存量和人力资本水平的产出弹性相对于物质资本来说弹性较低。湖北省经济增长的主要推动力来自物质资本投资,人力资本存量在经济增长中的作用仍然有限。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。