广播节节目目介介绍绍

《紫茎泽兰的可持续替代技术》
　　目前,防治紫茎泽兰的方法主要有人工防治、机械防治、生物防治、化学防治和利用等。替代技术是生物防治的一种,也就是采用有经济价值或生态价值的植物来控制紫茎泽兰的生长。与短期替代技术（如年复一年种植红薯和大豆等农作物）不同的是,可持续替代技术采用的是多年生植物,替代控制的时间长。该技术的关键是植物种类的选择与培育。本期节目介绍了紫茎泽兰的危害、种植和管理等相关知识及紫茎泽兰的可持续替代技术。     

《紫茎泽兰的可持续替代技术》

<正>目前,防治紫茎泽兰的方法主要有人工防治、机械防治、生物防治、化学防治和利用等。替代技术是生物防治的一种,也就是采用有经济价值或生态价值的植物来控制紫茎泽兰的生长。与短期替代技术(如年复一年种植红薯和大豆等农作物)不同的     

发酵对馒头中植酸和矿物质盐酸提取率的影响

探讨酵母发酵和老面发酵对馒头中植酸和矿物质盐酸提取率影响。结果显示,小麦粉中的内源植酸酶仅能少部分降解植酸及其盐类,而酵母发酵对植酸的降解更为彻底,使面团中无机磷含量显著增加。老面发酵对植酸降解也有一定促进作用,但其效果不及酵母发酵。酵母发酵可显著提高普通馒头和全麦馒头中部分矿物质的盐酸提取率,从而提高这些矿物质的生物利用率,缓解小麦粉内植酸及其盐类的抗营养作用。     

杏鲍菇菌糠生物饲料的研究

本实验以杏鲍菇菌糠为研究对象,接种纤维降解菌和酵母菌的不同组合在最佳尿素浓度下对菌糠饲料发酵,分析发酵后菌糠饲料的营养成分变化,以期发现适合发酵杏鲍菇菌糠的菌种及组合。结果表明,尿素添加水平为0.5%时米曲霉(Ⅰ)组、白腐真菌(Ⅴ)组、白腐真菌+酵母AQ(Ⅵ)组和白腐真菌+产朊假丝酵母(Ⅶ)组,以及尿素添加水平为1%时米曲霉(Ⅰ)组发酵杏鲍菇菌糠,均提高了其CP含量,同时降低NDF含量,从而提高了菌糠饲料的营养价值。特别是,菌种组合白腐真菌+产朊假丝酵母能够使其NDF含量降低59%以上,可用于杏鲍菇菌糠生物饲料的生产。     

变害为宝 综合利用 华坪开发成功紫茎泽兰系列产品

近年来，央视、新华社、人民日报、科技日报等权威新闻媒体对紫茎泽兰(俗称飞机草)的危害作了系列深度报道，期盼社会关注，公众参与，变害为宝。随着今年6月华坪县高压微粒板厂的建成投产，对这一公害变害为宝不仅有了新对策湎且成为现实，为广大贫困山区农民增收带来了福音。     

纤维素生物能源转化利用现状的分析研究

本文综述了现阶段纤维素生物能源转化利用的现状,阐明了纤维素生物能源利用过程中存在的基本问题。对纤维素转化为乙醇燃料过程中的预处理技术、纤维素酶技术、发酵乙醇和转化过程集成等环节的研发现状、存在问题、技术难点和研究方向等做了比较详细的论述。     

我国甘蔗燃料乙醇生产潜力与发展策略

由于甘蔗具有抗逆性强、能量效率高、生产成本高等优势,甘蔗制燃料乙醇在世界燃料乙醇生产、贸易中占据重要地位。我国利用甘蔗制燃料乙醇当前已具备充足的原料供应能力,成熟的育种技术、乙醇发酵、蒸馏技术,较好的经济效益,都使甘蔗燃料乙醇生产潜力巨大。因此,我国可以在未来5年内,利用我国现有甘蔗原料资源,打造年产能150万～200万t燃料乙醇、226亿kw·h绿色电力和100万t绿色肥料的新兴甘蔗乙醇产业群。     

酵母菌及其衍生物在水产养殖中的研究与应用

<正>酵母与人类的生活息息相关,从4000年前修建金字塔的古埃及人利用酵母发酵面包作为主食,酵母便成为了人类健康的神奇小伙伴。随着科技的日新月异,酵母已成为基因工程、生物工程的重要材料,在人类营养健康、酿造生物能源、动植物     

饲料秸杆的微生物发酵方法

秸秆作饲料的处理方法,除青贮。氨化外,还可利用微生物进行发酵,使所得产品的营养价值和消化率更高。 一、微生物菌种的选择 要选用能够充分利用秸秆原料或其处理液,并在合理的控制条件下具有较高的增殖速度,在代谢过程中不产生毒性物质的微生物菌种对秸秆进行发酵处理,如:酵母中的产肮假丝酵母,霉菌中的出芽短梗霉,绿水木霉,细菌中的产黄纤维单胞菌,潮湿纤维单胞菌等。     

怎样鉴别饲料酵母的真伪

饲料酵母是利用农副产品下脚料或食品工业废弃物经酵母发酵而制成的一种蛋白质饲料,它不但蛋白质品质高、吸收率强而且营养丰富、含有丰富的 B 族维生素、酶和活性物质,是目前比较理想的廉价蛋白质饲料之一。但由于假冒伪劣酵母充斥市场,如何鉴别酵母的优劣呢?一看。鉴别饲料酵母中是否掺入植物性蛋白质或非蛋白氮(如尿素),只要细心观察饲料酵母中是否含水量有棉籽饼(渣)、菜籽饼(渣)等植物性蛋白饲料即可作出判断。饮料酵母一般为粉状,而所掺杂的植物性饲料,特别是饼类饲料大部分为细小的     

The novelty of simple and known technologies and the rhythm of farmer-centred innovation in family dairy farming in Brazil

Family dairy farming is under threat from the expansion of the sugarcane economy in south-eastern Brazil. This paper analyses an intervention programme which aimed to intensify dairy production and make family dairy farming sustainable in this competitive context. The case study of the ‘Balde Cheio’ Programme (Full Bucket) can be seen as an alternative method of knowledge generation to that of the dominant research approach which prioritizes cutting-edge technologies. This paper characterizes this farmer-oriented innovation programme for dairy farming systems, in which research, development and extension are seen as a long-term learning process. It analyses how the programme has been adapted to fit the diversity of situations found amongst farmers and to heterogeneous production conditions. The study relates the circulation of knowledge, the search for innovation by recombining apparently simple and known technologies, the use of experiments on the farm and the adaptation of the rhythm of innovation to the specific situation of the farm as the critical issues to achieve sustainable production systems.     

论渔船船员风险和渔业保险

本文作者认为,渔业生产、特别是捕捞生产是一个高危产业,在中央高度重视生产安全工作的重要时期,准确把握生产中船员生命与财产损失,为国家制定相应政策提供参考是十分重要的。为此,作者基于长期渔业船保的实践和经验,对我国渔业船员的死亡数作了较为准确的评估,与国内重点高危行业死亡率进行了分析与比较,提出了要尽快研究制定渔业船员死亡控制标准,并较为全面地阐述了中国政策性渔业保险制度的模式选择。     

Value‐Chains in the Andes: Upgrading for Ecuador's Blackberry Producers

We apply a value chain approach to examine how blackberry producers in Ecuador can improve production and marketing practices to obtain more favorable prices. Results show that general upgrading actions are associated with improved producer prices, and specific activities, such as seeking information from reputable sources can lead to substantial welfare improvements. The paper goes beyond most value chain studies which treat participation in a ‘modern’ value chain as a discrete state. Ecuador's blackberry industry is evolving incrementally with no clearly discernible ‘modern’ market chains. Instead, producers incrementally make improvements in multiple dimensions. Relatively low‐cost practices, many of which do not imply substantial risk or investment, are associated with price improvements. Obstacles to participation in incremental value chain upgrading activities are not insurmountable. In particular, scale of production is not a limiting factor: small‐scale producers are not precluded from adopting improved practices and they do not suffer in terms of price received.     

我国农业劳动力老龄化问题研究——基于全国第二次农业普查数据的分析

全国最新农业普查数据显示,我国从事农业的劳动力老龄化问题日趋严峻,其对解决"三农"问题、推进现代农业建设所形成的障碍性及挑战不容忽视。只有通过发展农业产业化经营、发展农村合作经济组织、积极推进土地经营制度创新,才能应对农业劳动力老龄化所引发的一系列问题,为我国农业和农村的现代化建设扫清障碍。     

广东省县域农业生产效率分析——基于2015-2019年揭阳市5县域DEA模型为例

农业生产效率提升是实现农业现代化的重要手段。本文以《揭阳市统计年鉴(2015-2019)》的农业相关数据,从县域的视角研究揭阳市农业生产效率,运用DEA模型对揭阳市5个县域的3个投入指标和1个产出指标进行实证分析。结果显示,2015-2019年揭阳市农业生产效率均属于DEA无效,总体效率提升并不明显,且各县域呈现发展不平衡的状态,仅惠来县位于生产前沿面上,普宁市的农业生产效率最低,规模报酬属于递减态势。因此,恰逢“十四五”谋划之时,对揭阳市各县域农业生产效率做出分析研究,为现阶段提升揭阳市农业生产效率提出有参考价值的建议,为广东省县域农业生产效率分析提供范本。     

合作社参与对农户测土配方施肥技术采纳影响研究——基于标准化生产视角

本文基于收入最大化理论框架,以测土配方施肥技术为例,结合覆盖所有粮食主产区的微观调查数据,采用PSM模型实证分析了合作社参与对农户测土配方施肥技术的影响研究结果表明:(1)合作社参与有助于提升农户测土配方施肥技术采纳水平;(2)合作社不仅能够通过技术培训促使农户主动采纳测土配方施肥技术,更主要通过标准化生产让农户被动采纳测土配方施肥技术;(3)合作社促使参与经其销售农产品的农户采用测土配方施肥技术效果更显著;(4)合作社对小农户采用测土配方施肥技术的带动效果更明显。因此,要大力支持合作社发展,并不断提升合作社服务质量以及标准化生产水平,带动小农户参与绿色生产,实现农业可持续发展。     

地勘单位产业发展的战略思考

文章结合湖南省地矿局的实际 ,分析了地勘单位产业发展的必要性 ,指出了目前地勘单位产业发展中存在着工勘业领域过广 ,优势产业不明显 ;多种经营业发展不稳定等问题。指出应努力使基地物业逐渐成为地勘单位经济亮点。认为确定优势产业是地勘单位产业发展的必然选择 ,而做强做大优势产业是地勘单位产业发展的关键。     

The Challenge of Decoupling Agricultural Support

The Challenge of Decoupling Agricultural Support
Decoupling agricultural support has become a central feature of reforms in most OECD countries due to international and domestic constraints. There is evidence that this movement can reduce economic inefficiencies and contribute to improving policy design. Not all the characteristics, however, of recent new support programmes, reduce their impact on production. Moving from price support to area payments and granting more freedom in the use of the supported resources makes programmes more decoupled, but making payments counter-cyclical based on current production or market variables tends to exacerbate the production response of risk averse farmers. When all the effects are taken into consideration - relative prices, risk and dynamic effects - all agricultural support programmes have some impact on production and thus the degree of decoupling needs to be estimated empirically. Recent studies have expanded our scarce knowledge of these issues. They confirm the partial decoupling of area payments, like those in the EU after 1992, as well as the larger degree of decoupling that results from more production freedom, as in the Production Flexibility Contract payments in the US and the recent Single Farm Payment in the EU. But the total magnitude of the production effects depends on policy design and 'size', since high levels of partially decoupled support can have potentially significant effects on production.     

水电工程移民生产安置人口计算的新思路

土地是农民赖以生存的根本,土地收入直接决定可供养的人口,而土地的收益与土地面积、质量、利用方式、经营活动等经济要素紧密相关。征收土地的收入情况可以客观、全面反映水电工程中需要安置的人口,具有一定的参考价值。结合工作实践探讨现行生产安置人口计算方法及其适用性,并综合考虑土地质量差异、土地多种利用方式及农民对土地依赖程度等因素,从土地收入角度出发提出生产安置人口计算方法的新思路,可较为全面反映征收土地对应的实际生产安置人口,减小生产安置人口计算误差,并以青海省D水电站和西藏自治区E水电站为例进行生产安置人口计算的差异性分析。     

The impact of climate and price risks on agricultural land use and crop management decisions

This article aims to investigate the impacts of climate change and of lower and more volatile crop price levels as currently observed in the European Union (EU) on optimal management decisions, average income and income risks in crop production in Western Switzerland. To this end, a bioeconomic whole-farm model has been developed that non-parametrically combines the crop growth model CropSyst with an economic decision model using a genetic algorithm. The analysis focuses on the farm level, which enables us to integrate a wide set of potential adaptation responses, comprising changes in agricultural land use as well as crop-specific fertilization and irrigation strategies. Furthermore, the farmer's certainty equivalent is employed as objective function, which enables the consideration of not only impacts on average income but also impacts on income variability.The study shows that that the effects of EU crop prices on the optimal management decisions as well as on the farmer's certainty equivalent are much stronger than the effects of climate change. Furthermore, our results indicate that the impacts of income risks on the crop farm's optimal management schemes are of rather low importance. This is due to two major reasons: first, direct payments make up a large percentage of the agricultural income in Switzerland which makes Swiss farmers less vulnerable to market and climate volatility. Second, arable crop farms in Switzerland have by law to cultivate at least four different crops. Due to these diverse cropping systems and high government direct payments risk does neither under climate change, market liberalization nor combinations thereof, play a very decisive role in arable farming in Switzerland.