湿地生态系统服务市场机制研究

湿地破坏的根本原因在于人们片面追求短期利益而忽视长期利益、追求个人局部利益而忽视社会整体利益。湿地生态系统服务市场机制能够促进湿地保护、恢复和重建。在湿地动植物产品、生态旅游和污水处理等方面，湿地生态系统服务市场具有很大发展潜力。明晰产权是建立市场机制的基础，湿地资源的产权界定要依据其外部性和公共物品的特性。土地利用者应比较湿地开发与保护的净效益选择净效益最大的方案。政府可采取适当的激励措施减少目前许多湿地产品和服务市场仍存在的缺失或缺陷，为生态系统服务市场的建立和发展提供条件。     

银川市湿地保护及综合利用

银川湿地主要分布在黄河冲积平原和洪积冲积平原,分布密度大、范围广,在西部干旱半干旱地区少见.多年来,由于公众对湿地资源重要性的认识不足以及不合理的开发,导致银川湿地退化明显.通过退田还湖、湖泊清淤、调控水位、恢复植被等措施,恢复、治理和保护湿地水禽栖息地,并建立湿地公园,使湿地保护和湿地合理利用协调发展,互相促进,切实做到保护湿地,发挥湿地功能效益的作用.     

湿地退化的制度成因分析

湿地是人类最重要的生存环境之一,然而退化、丧失严重。目前对湿地的研究大多从自然科学的角度探讨湿地退化的成因,对湿地退化的制度成因分析则较为缺乏。本文从市场失灵与政府失灵两个方面对湿地退化的制度成因进行了分析,以期为制定适当的湿地保护制度提供有价值的参考。     

经济法价值取向定位思考

经济法是社会本位之法,经济法的价值取向在于社会整体利益的保护和实现.要发挥市场基础地位,使其更有效合理地配置资源进、而实现和保护社会整体经济利益必须首先医治市场失灵.医治市场失灵也是社会主义市场经济法治化的内在要求.     

湿地公园设计理念及方法探讨

目前国内兴起了建设湿地公园的热潮,为湿地资源的保护带来了强大的动力。然而湿地公园作为一种新兴的湿地保育措施,目前其设计建造大多还处于比较盲目的状态,没有固定规律可循。以湿地公园建设为依托,对湿地生态系统进行生态保护或恢复的设计理论探讨以及技术方法等层面的研究更是缺乏。考虑到湿地的重要生态价值,亟需从保护湿地生态系统的角度出发,提出一套系统的湿地公园设计和方法指导。湿地具有复杂的结构和功能,而不同湿地类型和环境条件下,湿地公园的类型和价值也不同,因而设计方案会有较大差异。因此,要做到根据不同湿地公园的类型,提出有针对性的设计方案和参数计算方法,从而对湿地公园中湿地生态系统的功能和价值进行有效的保护和恢复。     

湿地退化的外部性成因及其生态补偿建议

湿地是人类最重要的生存环境之一,但退化和丧失严重.文章认为湿地退化的代内外部性成因是湿地保护的正外部性行为未得到应有补偿,湿地破坏的负外部性行为未付出应有代价,代际外部性成因则是由于过去人类缺乏对湿地价值的正确认识,以及资源分配代际权利制衡机制的缺乏.在此基础上,提出了对湿地资源进行保护、恢复的生态补偿建议.     

江苏沿海湿地资源特点及其保护利用

江苏沿海湿地资源丰富,区域特征显著,生物多样性复杂,已被列入国际重要湿地名录,并成为GEF在我国的四大项目之一,为江苏经济和社会的发展提供了重要的保证。江苏沿海湿地类型齐全,包括河口湿地、河流湿地、湖泊及水库湿地、草甸湿地和海岸湿地等,其中尤以海岸湿地面积之大、生态条件之独特而闻名。江苏沿海湿地保护利用的对策:首先应进一步加大宣传力度,提高大家对湿地重要性的认识,把保护湿地生态系统纳入社会经济发展规划;其次,要加快湿地保护区的建设和管理,建立一批不同类型和层次的湿地保护区,以加强生物多样性的恢复和保护;另外,对沿海湿地资源还要坚持合理开发利用与保护相结合,适度控制沿海湿地的围垦和开发规模,坚持以生态开发和利用为核心,大力发展海洋经济和生态经济,走可持续发展之路。     

福建省湿地动态变化及其保护对策探讨

随着生态文明建设的提出,湿地工作得到了党中央、国务院的高度重视,各省相继出台湿地保护政策。福建省是我国湿地资源较为丰富的省份,近年来由于自然环境的影响与人类不合理地开发,湿地资源受到严重破坏,湿地面积快速萎缩。虽然福建省相关部门已经采取各种措施进行修复和保护,但在保护体系、法律保障、宣传教育等方面仍存在不足之处,湿地资源亟待保护。福建省各级政府部门应加大生态保护与恢复力度,采取行政、法律、经济、宣传等措施,形成有效保护体系,从而实现湿地开发与保护可持续发展。     

商丘市黄河故道湿地生态旅游资源开发初探

商丘市黄河故道湿地以其独特的自然和人文景观为湿地生态旅游提供了有利条件。本文从黄河故道湿地资源入手,对湿地生态旅游资源进行了评价,并结合实际,提出了开发湿地生态旅游资源的对策:开发与保护相结合、体现地方特色、优化产品结构、分区分层开发以及实施湿地生态恢复。     

中国湿地生境存在的问题及保护对策

中国的湿地面积大,类型全,资源十分丰富,但正面临着人类不当开发与过度利用的威胁.湿地的生境恶化主要包括湿地污染加剧、湿地资源过度利用、盲目围湖造田、湖泊淤积、生物入侵和生物多样性递减等主要生境问题.本论文针对湿地生境目前存在的问题,按照湿地生境修复技术的原则,提出实地修复技术的措施.提出加强立法执法,湿地健康评价,生物修复湿地,建立自然保护区和开展湿地生态游等保护湿地生境的对策.     

Wetland restoration,collective action and the role of water management institutions

Over the past 50 years, large areas of agricultural land have been drained and put into intensive agricultural production. Increasing attention is now being paid to the issue of restoring wetland areas and promoting environmental benefits. Collective action is important for wetland restoration, both because of the physical interactions among landholders and because of the cost saving and enhanced environmental benefit that can be achieved at a larger scale. Policy needs to be geared towards facilitating co-operation among farmers if environmental schemes are to be effective in enabling wetland restoration. Internal Drainage Boards have been primarily involved with securing of land drainage for local landholders. They now have a formal responsibility to further nature conservation but could take a more proactive role in promoting wetland restoration. They have good information on local water management options and are well placed to co-ordinate actions for restoration. Agri-environment policy could be redirected in order to promote collective action for wetland restoration.     

沿海滩涂湿地生物多样性保护和利用的实践与思考

沿海滩涂湿地位于咸淡水相互交汇、交替的区域范围内,生物资源丰富,可在自然环境下繁衍增殖,然而生态环境十分脆弱。本文结合江苏盐城市沿海滩涂湿地资源保护和利用现状,对海涂湿地生物资源的永续利用提出相应对策。     

日本湿地生态系统保护的经验与启示

通过在日本对湿地生态系统及其生物多样性的修复,再生及合理利用项目的参观和学习,本文认为我国可借鉴日本政府和社会各界高度重视并参与湿地生态系统的保护和环境教育的经验,转变观念,加大湿地保护的投入力度,加强湿地科学研究与环境教育,提高全民湿地保护意识.鼓励当地居民参与和支持湿地保护活动。     

Conserving biodiversity with tradable permits under changing conservation costs and habitat restoration time lags

Tradable permits are a common environmental policy instrument that has recently been applied also to the conservation of biodiversity. Biodiversity conservation differs in many respects to the classical applications of tradable permits like emissions control. One particularity is that, even if the permit system maintains a constant total amount of species habitat, habitat turnover (the destruction of a habitat and restoration elsewhere) affects the ecosystem. Another particularity is that the restoration of habitats often takes much time, leading to time lags between the initiation of restoration activities and the time when restored habitat is available for trading. We use an agent-based model of a tradable permit market to study the influence of heterogeneous and dynamic conservation costs and habitat restoration time lags on key variables of the market, such as the costs incurred to the market participants and the amount of habitat turnover. Our results show that there may be trade-offs between these key variables. We also find that restoration time lags can lead to fluctuations in permit prices that reduce the efficiency of the permit market. We conclude that temporal lags deserve a careful analysis when implementing tradable permit systems for the preservation of natural habitats and biodiversity.     

盐城自然保护区的经济开发与保护

由于缺乏自然保护意识,人们在盐城自然保护区经济开发活动中,对滩涂自然资源造成了极大的浪费,对生态环境造成了严重的破坏。因此,本文在分析当地经济活动现状的基础上,提出如何引导人们的开发活动实现经济发展和自然资源持续利用的协调统一的具体措施。     

Welfare impacts of equal-yield tax reforms in the UK economy

A multisectoral dynamic general equilibrium tax model with and without announcement effects for open and closed capital markets is used to evaluate efficiency gains and transitional effects from equal-yield tax reforms for seven different taxes in the UK economy. Impacts of an unanticipated tax reform on investment, capital accumulation, output and employment are compared to those of anticipated tax reforms. Households, producers, traders, investors and the government are found to be more capable of adjusting their economic behaviour when tax announcements are made in advance. In equal-yield tax experiments welfare gains up to 1.4% of base year GDP can occur by removing distortions in taxes. Welfare loss of up to 2.05% of it can happen if a less distortionary tax, such as the labour income tax is replaced by more distortionary taxes. These simulation results hold whether the capital markets are closed or open.     

Tax and subsidy incidence equivalence theories: experimental evidence from competitive markets

A basic tenet in microeconomics is tax incidence equivalence, which holds that the burden of a unit tax on buyers and sellers is independent of who actually pays the tax. By contrast, policymakers and the public often mistake statutory incidence for economic incidence. Using competitive laboratory markets, I test both tax incidence equivalence and an analogous theorem for subsidies. For sufficiently large markets, the results show strong support for both theories; there is little to no evidence, even in the short run, of the popular misperception that statutory incidence equals economic incidence. In smaller markets in which competitive forces are weaker and relative bargaining strengths may play a role, the evidence for tax incidence equivalence is weaker as minor price discrepancies may persist between markets.     

恢复性设计在湿地景观恢复中的应用

根据恢复性设计的目标和原则以及湿地景观恢复性设计的概念,可将恢复性设计在湿地景观的应用分为三大类,即整个生态系统完整性的应用、从生态性和科学性出发的湿地景观恢复技术应用、从美学角度考虑的湿地景观价值应用。应该从加深基础理论研究、定性研究与定量研究相结合、景观恢复与景观设计相结合、动态监测、实地调查、长期定位研究三者有机结合四个方面进行湿地景观的恢复性设计。