小型开放经济环境下的最优货币政策设计

在经典的小型开放经济框架内,植入一个现金预留(CIA)模型,研究多重冲击下小型开放经济的最优货币政策设计问题,结果显示:汇率波动、货币流通速度冲击、财政冲击以及家庭消费冲击等通过成本渠道对物价和产出产生了直接影响。因此,在为小型开放经济体制定货币政策时,货币当局应充分考虑这些因素,使货币政策调控不仅对产出和通货膨胀的波动做出反应,而且对汇率波动和上述冲击也应做出适当的调整。此外,为营造有利的货币政策实施环境,外汇市场应实行有管理的浮动汇率制度。     

G20国家差异化金融条件下货币政策的非对称性传导研究

本文基于动态模型选择—时变参数—因子扩展的向量自回归模型(DMS-TVP-FAVAR)构建金融条件指数(FCI),度量G20主要成员国的金融状况,进而建立以FCI为转移变量,包括货币供应量、利率以及经济增长等货币政策工具变量与目标变量在内的面板平滑转移回归模型(PSTR),以研究G20成员国及其中的发达国家和新兴经济体货币政策传导的非对称效应。研究结果表明:G20国家中的发达国家金融市场波动幅度比新兴经济体更大;数量型货币政策和价格型货币政策不仅在不同金融状况下表现出非对称性,也在不同类型国家之间表现出异质性;当金融状况低迷时,发达国家和新兴经济体数量型货币政策均对产出表现为正向冲击,同时,新兴经济体数量型货币政策的调控效果远高于发达国家,不同的是,价格型货币政策在发达国家表现为正向冲击,在新兴经济体表现为负向影响;当金融状况一般时,发达国家和新兴经济体货币政策估计系数更易平滑转移,说明此时货币政策调控具有不确定性;当金融状况良好时,发达国家数量型货币政策产生负向影响而新兴经济体表现为正向影响,表明货币政策调控效果存在差异性。     

开放经济中货币政策工具的选择

在开放经济中,汇率是货币政策一条重要的传导渠道。决策者在设定货币政策规则时必须考虑汇率因素。但选择哪种货币政策工具能更好地稳定产出呢?本文以一个简单的开放经济模型为基础,讨论了各种外生冲击情况下,利率和MCI作为货币政策工具对于稳定产出的效果,并认为现阶段中国不适宜采用MCI作为货币政策工具。     

谈开放经济下我国的货币政策调整

开放经济使外部均衡在我国货币政策目标中的地位显著提高。在货币政策运行中,开放经济的影响主要表现在:货币政策的独立性受到制约、货币供给的内生性增强、有效货币政策工具的缺位以及货币政策的作用机制发生变化。为了适应开放经济带来的经济环境和经济运行机制的变化,货币政策必须做出相应的调整。     

不完全汇率传递下的货币政策工具规则分析

本文尝试构建一个开放条件下的总供给-总需求模型,通过名义进口价格刚性在模型中引入汇率传递因素。模型对各种货币政策工具规则下社会福利损失函数进行比较,考察在不同的汇率传递程度下的各种货币政策工具规则。研究结果显示,社会福利水平随着汇率传递程度下降而提高;货币政策工具规则对消费者物价指数(CPI)上涨作出反应一定程度上优于对国内制造商品价格上涨作出反应,制定的货币政策工具规则应该以CPI为目标,以使社会福利损失最小。     

开放框架下扩展泰勒规则的再检验——基于汇改前后及整体层面的比较分析

本文在传统泰勒规则的基础上,纳入开放框架下的汇率因素,就汇改前后及整体层面的非线性视角对扩展泰勒规则在我国的适用性进行了重新检验。研究发现：（1）开放框架下纳入汇率因素的泰勒规则在汇改前后及整体层面呈现较大的异质性,确实存在非线性效应,汇改后汇率波动幅度的加大对货币政策的冲击效应明显,而汇改前及整体层面上的效应并未显现,体现了我国货币政策的“区间效应”特性。这启示货币政策当局采取以利率为中介工具的货币政策在汇改后应该而且急需对汇率波动做出及时反应,这给我国货币当局实施独立的货币政策带来了一定的挑战;（2）货币政策规则利率工具对货币因素和通货膨胀的敏感性较大,而对产出缺口并不是很敏感,这要求货币当局制定以利率为中介工具的货币政策时尤其不能忽视对货币因素的影响做出反应,而且更需要盯住通货膨胀目标。     

我国不宜过于频繁使用货币政策

货币政策和财政政策一起被作为现代经济体最重要的两大宏观调控工具，但货币政策在不同经济体的传导效率却是大相径庭的，并且在刺激内需方面的作用也是相对有限的。对我国这样一个货币政策传导效率高、可用空间小、社会保障体系不健全的国家而言，过于频繁使用货币政策的副作用巨大，对经济复苏的边际效应趋于递减。因此，我国货币政策应加强与其他政策的协调配合，尤其要注重发挥积极财政政策的功效，     

影子银行体系对我国货币政策工具规则选择的影响——基于DSGE模型的数值模拟分析

本文通过建立包含影子银行和商业银行等多个部门在内的DSGE模型,利用不同货币政策工具规则反应系数的OLS估计结果,探索解决在充分发展影子银行背景下的货币政策工具规则的选择问题.模型分析结果表明,利率规则在稳定产出、物价方面发挥的作用更明显,利率规则未来应作为我国货币政策工具规则的最优选择.同时,比较货币政策工具规则的福利损失得出结论,三种货币政策工具规则的福利损失从小到大分别是利率规则、混合规则和货币供应量规则,这也表明利率规则是我国货币政策工具规则的最优选择.     

美国非常规货币政策分析

为应对国际金融危机,包括美国在内的主要发达经济体均采取了非常规货币政策措施,并突破了传统货币政策的操作框架,不仅丰富了中央银行的货币政策实践,也为货币经济学研究提供了难得的经验材料。本文就美联储的非常规货币政策进行分析,追溯非常规货币政策的理论基础,从政策目标、政策工具与作用机制方面分析政策的实施框架及其特征,并对政策效果进行探讨。     

我国货币政策执行效果的区域差异

我国经济体制的改革让货币政策在市场经济的宏观调控中的作用日益重大,但是对我国的货币政策的执行效果进行调研时,我们可以很容易地发现不同区域的货币政策的执行效果存在不同。这种差异的具体表现形式为央行在实行了统一的货币政策之后,各地的产出和价格水平在对货币政策变动的反应程度和反应时间上存在差别。该文将基于货币政策效果的区域差异形成的现状,对如何解决这种货币政策执行效果的区域差异做出探讨,希望能对当局解决相关问题提供一定的帮助。     

Monetary policy and welfare in a small open economy

This paper analyzes optimal monetary policy in a small open economy featuring monopolistic competition and nominal rigidities. It shows that the utility-based loss function for this economy can be written as a quadratic expression of domestic inflation, output gap and real exchange rate. The presence of an internal monopolistic distortion and a terms of trade externality drives optimal policy away from domestic inflation targeting and affects the optimal level of exchange rate volatility. When domestic and foreign goods are close substitutes for each other, the optimal policy rule implies lower real exchange rate volatility than a domestic inflation targeting regime. The reverse is true when the elasticity of substitution between goods is low.     

On the Link Between Exchange‐rate Regimes,Capital Controls and Monetary Policy Autonomy in Small European Countries, 1979–2000

We investigate international monetary‐policy transmission under different exchange‐rate and capital‐account regimes in eleven small, open economies during the 1980s and 1990s. We find no systematic link between ex‐post monetary‐policy autonomy and exchange‐rate regimes. Capital controls appear to have provided a degree of temporal insulation from foreign monetary policy shocks, though not strict autonomy. The results are consistent both with short‐term autonomy for small countries even under fixed exchange rates and an open capital account, and with long‐term dependence under flexible exchange rates and an independent stability target. Results also indicate that euro‐area market interest rates are significantly more responsive to the development of the corresponding US rate than were the previous national rates.     

股票市场开放条件下的货币政策效应分析

本文探讨了在股票市场开放条件下,股票市场的国际资本流动对货币政策的影响。在开放经济条件下,对在东道国投资的国际投资者来说,如果股票投资比债券投资更重要,那么货币政策比财政政策相对有效的观点难以成立。扩张性货币政策使国内利率下降,但利率下降会增加股票投资的预期收益,这会吸引国际资本流入,从而导致本币升值,因而扩张性货币政策对产出的净影响是不确定的。浮动汇率体制有利于减缓外部冲击。     

Liability dollarization and the bank balance sheet channel

Emerging markets' financial institutions often face a mismatch in the currency denominations of their liabilities (foreign currency-denominated debt raised from foreign lenders) and their assets (domestic currency loans to domestic borrowers). We study the effect of this mismatch on monetary policy in a sticky-price, dynamic general-equilibrium small open economy model in which the country default-risk premium depends on domestic banks' balance sheets due to asymmetric information. A fixed exchange rate rule that stabilizes bank balance sheets offers greater stability than does an interest rate rule that targets inflation to offset the real effects of sticky-prices.     

Into the Mussa puzzle: monetary policy regimes and the real exchange rate in a small open economy

Industrial countries moving from fixed to floating exchange rate regimes experience dramatic rises in the variability of the real exchange rate. This evidence, forcefully documented by Mussa [Nominal exchange regimes and the behavior of real exchange rates: evidence and implications. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 25 (1986) 117], is a puzzle because it is hard to reconcile with the assumption of flexible prices. This paper lays out a dynamic general equilibrium model of a small open economy that combines nominal price rigidity with a systematic behavior of monetary policy able to approximate a continuum of exchange rate regimes. A version of the model with complete exchange rate pass-through is broadly consistent with Mussa’s findings. Most importantly, this holds independently of the underlying source of fluctuations in the economy, stressing the role of the nominal exchange rate regime per se in affecting the variability of the real exchange rate. However, only a model featuring incomplete exchange rate pass-through can account for a broader range of exchange rate statistics. Finally there exist ranges of values for either the degree of openness or the elasticity of substitution between domestic and foreign goods for which the baseline model is also consistent with the empirical insensitivity of output volatility to the type of exchange rate regime, as documented by Baxter and Stockman [Journal of Monetary Economics 23 (1989) 377].     

美国货币政策调整对中国的溢出效应与传导机制研究

文章基于高频识别和反事实分析方法研究后发现,美国货币政策冲击对我国宏观经济的影响及其传导途径在2008年金融危机前后具有显著的不一致性。在金融危机前,美国的货币政策冲击主要通过汇率渠道对我国通货膨胀与产出产生显著的正向影响;在金融危机后,美国的货币政策冲击主要通过基础货币渠道对我国的宏观产出与物价产生显著的负向影响。这种不一致性是由央行逆周期调节在金融危机前后的差异所导致的:金融危机前,央行为抑制人民币汇率过快升值,被动实行扩张性货币政策,导致我国通货膨胀走高;而金融危机后,央行追随美国紧缩性货币政策,逆向调节美国货币政策冲击对人民币汇率的影响,加剧了我国宏观产出的负向波动。     

Monetary policy and exchange rate overshooting: Dornbusch was right after all

Dornbusch's exchange rate overshooting hypothesis is a central building block in international macroeconomics. Yet, empirical studies of monetary policy have typically found exchange rate effects that are inconsistent with overshooting. This puzzling result has been viewed by some researchers as a “stylized fact” to be reckoned with in policy modelling. However, many of these studies, in particular those using vector autoregressive (VARs) approaches, have disregarded the strong contemporaneous interaction between monetary policy and exchange rate movements by placing zero restrictions on them. In contrast, we achieve identification by imposing a long-run neutrality restriction on the real exchange rate, thereby allowing for contemporaneous interaction between the interest rate and the exchange rate. In a study of four open economies, we find that the puzzles disappear. In particular, a contractionary monetary policy shock has a strong effect on the exchange rate, which appreciates on impact. The maximum effect occurs within 1-2 quarters, and the exchange rate thereafter gradually depreciates to baseline, consistent with the Dornbusch overshooting hypothesis and with few exceptions consistent with uncovered interest parity (UIP).     

Open Economy Dynamics in a Floating Exchange Rate Developing Country Context

ABSTRACT

This article develops a wavelet-based control model to simulate fiscal, monetary, and real exchange rate scenarios in an open economy developing country with an inflation-targeting regime. We use South African macro data to jointly simulate optimal fiscal and monetary policy under varying scenarios for real exchange rate stability with interest rate parity. As real exchange rate stability increases, the model simulates the effects on the trade balance under both a constant and depreciating real exchange rate. We find that short-term cycle stability problems are somewhat mitigated by allowing the real exchange rate to depreciate.