我国社会保障制度改革设想

1、随着社会主义商品经济市场化进程的推进以及人口老龄化趋势的增强,建立在高度集中计划经济基础上的现行社会保障体制与社会主义市场经济的矛盾越来越突出;改革以至建立与社会主义市场经济相适应的社会保障制度,对推进企业改革以及整个社会经济体制改革,意义是十分重大的。2、社会保障制度,是经济发展的社会进步的产物,它对每个社会成员的生活权利给予保障。其范围包括城镇和农村;其对象包括城镇居民和广大农民;其内容包括社会保险、社     

中国社会保障研究现状及展望——第三届中国社会保障理论与政策论坛综述

<正>一、中国社会保障学科发展现状1883—1889年现代社会保障制度在德国诞生,中国现代社会保障制度则是伴随1949年中华人民共和国成立而建立并逐渐发展起来的。新中国成立70年来,中国社会保障制度经历了两大发展阶段,即1978年之前的传统社会保障制度发展阶段和1978年改革开放后40多年的新型社会保障制度发展阶段。经过改革开放以来40多年的制度变革,中国社会保障已经在整体上实现了从与计划经济体制相适应的"国家—单位保障制"到与市场经济体制相适应的"国家—社会保障制"的     

对建立和完善农村社会保障体系的思考

社会保障是市场经济体制的重要支柱。随着我国农村市场经济的不断发展 ,农村社会经济风险压力增大 ,广大农民对农村社会保障需求日趋迫切。建立和完善农村社会保障体系势在必行。我们应从巩固农村政策、制定和完善农村社会保障的法律制度、提高农民的经济利益、加强农业社会化服务等多角度出发 ,全面、合理地构建符合我国农村具体情况的有中国特色的农村社会保障体系。农村社会保障体系的内容主要包括农村社会救济、社会优扶、社会福利、社会教育等六个方面。     

加快社会保障立法建立有中国特色的社会保障制度

社会保障作为一项重要的法律制度，对于保障人民生活，维护社会安定，促进国企改革，加快劳动力合理流动和启动消费有着深远的意义。它体现了社会发展和社会进步，是现代国家明的重要标志。而我国现行的社会保障制度是计划经济的产物，在过去的几十年里曾起过积极的作用。但随着市场经济的发展，其弊端日渐显现，已成为我国经济社会发展的“瓶颈”。在我国的法律体系中，社会保障立法无是最薄弱的环节，亟须通过立法建立适应市场经济要求的、有中国特色的现代社会保障制度。     

建设小康社会中政府的社会保障职能

我国目前正处在一个特殊的发展时期,即进一步深化改革,完善社会主义市场经济体制,为全面建设小康社会奠定基础的过程。在这个时期建立的社会保障制度,是将过去的企业保障转变为现代社会保障的过渡性制度,但这是一个逐步推进的改革过程,这个过程是与我国社会主义市场经济体制改革过程相同步的,是政府实现职能转变,对社会保障职能重新定位的过程。     

建立健全我国社会保障制度的对策思考

社会保障制度是以国家或政府为主体,依据法律规定通过国民收入再分配,对公民暂时或永久失去劳动能力以及因各种原因生活发生困难时给予物质帮助,保障其基本生活的制度。我国经过30年的改革和发展,已经初步建立起了与市场经济相适应的社会保障制度框架,但是,我国现行的社会保障制度仍然存在很多问题,研究我国社会保障制度及存在的问题,及时总结经验教训,对于建立起适应社会主义市场经济体制要求的社会保障制度具有十分重要的意义。     

关于健全和完善社会保障制度的思考

关于健全和完善社会保障制度的思考●朱生全，姚美娥我国经济体制改革的目标是建立社会主义市场经济体制。要加快市场经济体制建设的进程，就必须健全和完善社会保障，为深层次改革提供良好的保障环境。当前，我国现行的社会保障制度，仍远不适应建立社会主义市场经济体制...     

社会保障改革与经济市场化

文章首先探讨了社会保障制度改革与资本主义市场经济之间的关系，并在此基础上进一步研究了中国如何建立符合社会主义市场经济体制的新型社会保障制度。     

二元经济结构下的中国农民社会保障制度透视

当前“三农问题”已总成绩以我国现代化建设的成败，引起了政府和社会保界的高度重视。“三农”问题的重点是农民问题，在农民的所有问题中，农民的社会保障问题举足轻重。长期以来在重城轻乡、挖农补工的二元经济结构下，我国社会保障体制残缺不全，有相当一部分社会保障的内容将整个农村人口排挤在保障体制之外。政府必须为农民提供社会保障的保护，必须要建立和完善农民社会保障制度。     

中国农村社会保障适度水平分析

二元社会结构造成的农民社会保障权利缺失,已经严重影响到城乡协调发展和社会稳定[1].在市场经济社会,社会保障应是法定的基本保障,而农民是中国人口的大部分,农民的社会保障制度不应"缺失"[2].社会保障水平是社会保障体系的关键要素之一,对于社会保障制度的建立、完善与运行有着十分重要的意义.通过对农村社会保障主要项目养老、医疗和低保现有的指标建立了衡量农村社会保障水平的数理模型,进而在对农村老年人口的未来发展趋势进行预测的基础上测算农村社会保障的适度水平.     

A life-cycle analysis of social security with housing

This paper incorporates two features of housing in a life-cycle analysis of social security: housing as a durable good and housing market frictions. We find that both housing quantities and homeownership rates respond strongly to eliminating social security. Accordingly, the aggregate impacts of this policy reform are significantly larger in an economy with explicit housing choices than in a standard life-cycle economy. Our analysis shows that the key mechanism behind these results is the substitution effects of a change in interest rates and, thus, the price of housing services on the choice of nondurable consumption versus housing services.     

失地农民社会保障现状与对策——以山西为例

在城市化与农村土地制度的改革进程中,山西农民失地问题及其社会保障问题日益凸显。解决山西失地农民社会保障问题,必须建立和完善失地农民社会保障基金的筹集与监管制度,建立失地农民的最低生活保障制度、养老和医疗保障制度,进一步加强失地农民的就业和培训工作,建立维持失地农民长远生计的其他制度性保障。     

Designing social security - a portfolio choice approach

Public social security systems may provide diversification of risks to individuals’ life-time income. Capturing that a pay-as-you-go system (paygo) may be considered as a “quasi-asset”, we study the optimal size of the paygo system as well as the optimal split between funded and unfunded pension saving by means of a theoretical portfolio choice framework. A low-yielding paygo system can benefit individuals if it contributes to hedge other risks to their lifetime resources. Numerical calculations indicate that optimal social security systems should be at least partly paygo financed in many economies. The optimal magnitude of the paygo system depends on the specified risk concept as well as the stochastic properties of stock market returns and implicit paygo-returns.     

Labor supply elasticity and social security reform

Previous literature on social security reform has used a variety of period utility functions and calibrated values for the intertemporal elasticity of substitution (IES) in labor. In this paper, we show that the effects of social security reforms on aggregate labor supply are invariant to plausible values of the IES, but the effect of such reforms on the profile of hours over the life-cycle is highly sensitive to the IES. We first establish these results analytically in a simple partial-equilibrium setting and then demonstrate their robustness in a general equilibrium model calibrated to match key U.S. macroeconomic indicators. We find that the aggregate effects are similar regardless of the wide range of the values of IES used in calibrated economies. However, social security reform leads to a large reallocation of hours worked over the life-cycle, from early years to later working years, and the size of this reallocation significantly increases with the IES.     

Growth and social security: the role of human capital

This paper studies the growth and efficiency effects of pay-as-you-go financed social security when human capital is the engine of growth. Employing a variant of the Lucas model [Lucas, R.E., 1988. On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics 22, 3–42.] with overlapping generations, it is shown that a properly designed, unfunded social security system leads to higher output growth than a fully funded one. Furthermore, the economy with an unfunded social security is efficient, while the other one is not. These results stand in sharp contrast to those obtained in models where the reason for economic growth is physical capital accumulation.     

A life cycle analysis of social security

Summary We develop an applied general equilibrium model to examine the optimal social security replacement rate and the welfare benefits associated with it. Our setup consists of overlapping generations of 65-period lived individuals facing mortality risk and individual income risk. Private credit markets, including markets for private annuities, are closed by assumption. Unlike previous analyses, we find that an unfunded social security system may well enhance economic welfare. In our benchmark economy, the optimal social security replacement rate is 30%, and an empirically more plausible replacement rate of 60% raises welfare compared with an economy with no social security system.We would like to thank Andy Atkeson, V. V. Chari, Steve Davis, Paul Evans, Lars Hansen, Tim Kehoe, Nobu Kiyotaki, Ed Prescott, José-Victor Ríos-Rull, Richard Rogerson, Tom Sargent, Nancy Stokey, Dick Sweeney, Robert Townsend, and the participants of the NBER Economic Fluctuations Small Group Workshop on Micro and Macro Perspectives on the Aggregate Labor Market in Palo Alto, the NBER General Equilibrium Theory Conference in Minneapolis, the Money and Banking Workshop at the University of Chicago, and the NBER Summer Institute. An earlier version of this paper was titled A Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Analysis of Social Security. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. SES-9210291. We also thank the Minnesota and San Diego Supercomputer Centers for their support.     

Social security and risk sharing

In this paper we identify conditions under which the introduction of a pay-as-you-go social security system is ex ante Pareto-improving in a stochastic OLG economy with capital accumulation and land. We argue that these conditions are consistent with realistic specifications of the parameters of the economy. In our model financial markets are complete and competitive equilibria interim Pareto efficient. Therefore, a welfare improvement can only be obtained if agents? welfare is evaluated ex ante, and arises from an improvement in intergenerational risk sharing. We also examine the optimal size of a given social security system as well as its optimal reform.     

新型农村社会养老保险基金管理模式探究

新型农村社会养老保险基金是国家为保障农村老年居民的基本生活、建立和完善社会保障制度而设立的专项基金。如何对此项基金实行有效监督和管理,以及在目前条件下投资运营,实现农村养老基金的保值增值,对新型农村社会养老保险制度的稳定、农村经济的可持续发展及农民生活水平的提高,都有着至关重要的作用。     

社会心态失衡的原因及防范措施

由于收入差距的不断扩大,社会心态逐步失衡,即人们心理上所感受到的贫富差距将事实上的贫富差距又进一步的放大。原因主要有三个方面:其一、一部分人的腐败和非法致富,造成人民群众的强烈不满,并在人们心理上将现实中的贫富差距进一步放大。其二、耕农的比较利益过低、上千万国有企业职工的失业下岗,使传统的基础性阶层产生相对被剥夺感,在某些突发事件的刺激下,会发生失去理性控制的集体行为。其三、贫富两极分化的出现是一个危险的信号。人们关于贫富差距的社会心态发生的变化,不仅影响到人们对社会公正的信念,而且影响到对效率的追求。要建立起与市场经济配套的调节收入分配的国家法律体系,通过各种法律的、经济的和行政的杠杆,缩减贫富分化的差距;必须严格依法调节收入分配;改革不合理的收入分配制度。     

Quasi-hyperbolic discounting and social security systems

Hyperbolic discounting has become a common assumption for modeling bounded rationality with respect to individual savings decisions. We examine the effects of hyperbolic discounting on the comparison of alternative social security systems. We show that this form of bounded rationality breaks the equivalence between funded and pay-as-you-go (PAYG) systems established in Sheshinski and Weiss [Sheshinski, E., Weiss, Y., 1981. Uncertainty and optimal social security. Quarterly Journal of Economics 95, 189-206]. Intergenerational transfers within a PAYG economy are usually secured by the social security system and independent of longevity, whereas this is not the case for the funded economy. The savings level under hyperbolic discounting is lower than under exponential discounting [Laibson et al., 1998], but the ratio between the savings level under hyperbolic discounting within a funded economy and a PAYG economy depends on the effectiveness of the commitment devices. It is shown that if individuals are hyperbolic discounters, then in a PAYG economy any change in the mandated level of intergenerational transfers is neutralized by individuals’ voluntary bequests. This does not apply to a funded system.