浅谈土地利用总体规划修改

随着经济的发展,商业用地和农业用地之间的矛盾逐渐凸显,为了确保粮食安全,需要修改土地利用总体规划,为此本文通过阐述土地利用总体规划修改存在的问题,指出土地利用总体规划修改需要注意的问题,同时提出相应的政策建议,进而为修改土地利用总体规划提供参考依据。     

The (Re)Making of Polycentricity in China's Planning Discourse: The Case of Tianjin

Polycentricity is promoted as an ideal urban form to achieve sustainable and balanced development, and it has been widely adopted by planners in China, especially in large cities. However, the rhetoric about polycentricity has rarely been interrogated in planning research in terms of scales, contextuality, power and rationality. To fill this gap, we carried out a Foucauldian discourse analysis in our research to interpret the nature of polycentric practice in City Master Plans, using Tianjin as a case study. Through an analysis of how the discourse of polycentricity is being deployed in planning documents, we develop two principal arguments in this article. First, the conceptual substance of polycentricity evolved alongside the urban transition process in China, and its discursive practice involved multiple scales and spatial elements. Secondly, rather than being mere technocratic practice, the production and legitimation of distinct discourses of polycentricity is an articulation of multi-scalar power involving various stakeholders, which is disguised and justified by the planning profession.     

开展社会主义新农村建设的土地政策分析

土地是十分宝贵和稀缺的不可替代的重要资源,具有十分重要的基础地位。社会主义新农村建设的成败与土地息息相关。本文通过对集体土地流转、城乡建设用地增减挂钩和土地整理三个土地政策的分析,揭示土地政策在推动社会主义新农村建设中的重要作用。     

政策影响下土地利用空间布局变化模拟分析

目前,对土地利用在空间布局方面的研究已经成为新兴热点,而对于政策影响下的土地利用空间布局变化模拟研究与分析的成果尚只存少数。因此,本文在对研究区进行土地利用现状于结构和空间布局两方面的分析的基础上,根据研究区当前面临的主要土地利用变化相关政策进行需求变化研究,通过合理选择土地利用分类,运用逻辑回归分析及ROC曲线等方法进行反复的驱动因子筛选,最终选出最适用于研究区特点的因子,并通过CLUE-S模型对土地利用变化政策在空间布局上的影响做出合理模拟。结果显示,采用确切符合研究区特点的参数设置,灵活多变地选用驱动因子可以有效地帮助实现运用CLUE-S模型同时模拟出"建设用地上山"、"建设用地为耕地腾挪土地"、"建设用地沿河沿路发展"、"重点产业用地扩张"等多项土地利用政策在空间上的布局,其结果对土地利用变化研究、土地利用规划工作等具有一定意义。     

乡级土地利用总体规划编制探讨

在我国五级土地利用规划体系中,乡(镇)土地利用规划作为做为应用性、指导性最强的规划[1],是指导各乡镇贯彻科学发展观,落实十分珍惜、合理利用土地和切实保护耕地的基本国策,深入实施全面发展战略,统筹土地资源开发、利用、整治和保护,正确处理保护耕地和保障建设的关系,促进乡镇国民经济又好又快发展的纲领性文件。乡(镇)土地利用规划水平的高低,直接关系整个规划体系的建设以及国民经济各业发展。为使乡级规划文本的编制顺利进行,保证编制的质量,突出乡镇区域特色,符合国家、省、市县的各项规章政策,特编乡级规划修编文本编制指南。     

The Neoliberalization of Municipal Land Policy in Sweden

In Sweden, local governments’ practice of the ‘municipal land instrument’—that is, the use of public land ownership as a tool for facilitating urban development—has a long tradition. In the post‐war era, public land ownership constituted an important component of state‐led housing production, which had both a productive and a redistributive purpose. Departing from a political economy perspective, this article demonstrates how the redistributive aspect of the municipal land instrument has been dissolved under neoliberalization, and discusses why the use of this instrument is problematic from both a democratic and ethical point of view. Based on a case study in Helsingborg, the article argues that, in using public land to leverage private investment in urban development, local decision makers adopt an interest in supporting rent extraction from tenants and housing owners, while subsidizing investment costs for developers. The dual role that municipalities assume as landowner‐developers and planning authorities enable them to facilitate urban development effectively, but it is also problematic because it transgresses the public–private law divide inherent to Swedish law. Assuming this dual role, municipalities place themselves in a biased position that risks undermining the legitimacy of governmental actions in general, and the planning system in particular.     

Re‐Thinking Territorial Cohesion in the European Planning Context

The socio‐economic dimensions of cohesion have long been considered an integral part of Europeanization. However, recently a third dimension has been added to the Europe 2020 cohesion policy debate: territorial cohesion. Consequently this term is as yet undeveloped, resulting in a lack of consensus on how to define and interpret it. Such ambiguity represents a theoretical and empirical challenge to regional actors needing to respond to European Union (EU) directives while operationalizing the concept within their national and/or regional agendas. This article uses Portugal as a case study to examine how the concept of territorial cohesion is being interpreted and transposed from EU‐based to territorial‐based instruments and policy documents. First, we conducted a qualitative content analysis (QCA) of a selection of European and regional publications to compare their intrinsic discourses. This was followed by around 60 structured qualitative interviews, conducted with leading actors who had been instrumental in writing or implementing regional policy documents. On the basis of this dual analysis we conclude that, as a whole, the writers of the Portuguese strategic documents successfully transposed this concept, although perceptible differences exist between regions, as local actors have selectively redefined it to better suit their strategic priorities. These differences are debated with the aim of contributing to the design of effective public policies that facilitate inclusion, cohesion and Europeanization.     

城市土地规划与城市环境关系

本文阐述了城市土地规划利用存在的问题以及城市环境的容量及重要性,并对二者联系与矛盾进行系统分析,提出了土地规划利用与城市环境建设的关系与协调重点。     

重庆市城乡统筹发展与土地改革浅析

本文通过对统筹城乡发展内涵介绍,结合重庆市为统筹城乡发展所做的土地改革探索,分析了重庆市土地承包经营权入股改革、"地票"制度建立及农村土地交易所创设、农民转市民农村集体土地退出与利用探索对于重庆市统筹城乡发展的意义,重庆市在土地改革上的探索为确保国家统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区顺利推进,打破城乡二元结构,缩小城乡差距发挥了重要作用。文章最后提出为实现城乡统筹发展,土地改革要以充分保障农民权益为前提,土地改革的重点是要建立城乡统一的土地市场。     

PLANNING AND GOVERNANCE IN A POSTCOLONIAL CONTEXT: A Historical Institutionalist Approach to Land Use Planning in Morocco

This study is concerned with the way colonial land use planning practices have persisted within local institutional structures in the former French colony of Morocco. We use a historical institutionalist approach to reevaluate Morocco's land use planning history and identify key feedback mechanisms that support the continuity of colonial practices within the Moroccan planning institutional structure. We used institutional mappings to identify key actors involved in planning and examined the formal power relations between them. Interviews were used to discuss the effect of informal interactions on the development of land use plans. We argue that aspects of French colonial planning that persisted within the Moroccan local institutional structure have created constraints for Moroccan land use planning. We focus in particular on how a centralist formalization of planning institutions has hampered the effectiveness of decentralization reforms and explain how institutional patterns deriving from the French paternalist approach to colonial rule have persisted in the form of a duality in modern planning structures. Finally, we argue that this path dependence has been strengthened by the creation of the derogation system as a potential way out for actors who are most capable of inducing change.     

土地利用规划制度的经济解释

规划是政府重要的公共行政职能和公共政策,把握规划的本质是促进我国规划转型的关键.本文从经济学角度对土地利用规划制度的本质进行了分析,并以此对土地利用规划的编制工作提出了建议.     

Historicizing Planning,Problematizing Participation

In this article, I offer speculations which share the intentions of this symposium to bring to light seldom acknowledged configurations of knowledges, and to indicate different ways of thinking historically about urban problems and planning policies. I suggest that a genealogical or critical historical sensibility has much to contribute to these projects by tracing how policies and programmes come into being in response to specific conditions and within specific sets of presuppositions, and are rarely the products of unified histories or singular rationalities. But these policies are also configured in discursive terrains that already shape the form of problems and their possible solutions. That is, before policies or concepts can ‘travel’, they have to come into being under certain ‘conditions of possibility’. The main focus of this article is to suggest that posing a policy, programme or set of practices as a ‘problematization’ as a consequence of certain conditions of possibility can productively indicate different avenues of enquiry that trace the disparate ‘pre‐travel’ emergences of what may (or may not) then become ‘travelling’ policies. I indicate some questions and possible research directions arising from taking participation in planning as a particular form of problematization and calling attention to the taken‐for‐granted nature of ‘participation’ as it is theorized and practised in the fields of urban planning and participatory development.     

土地利用规划环境影响评价若干问题探讨

土地的开发利用对于土地资源的可持续发展来说至关重要。当前,生态环境的建设改造需要土地利用规划的进一步协调发展。土地资源利用规划不当对生态环境带来了很多负面影响,长远来看,损害了人类发展的各种利益。论文对土地利用规划、环境影响评价的定义、意义以及策略进行了探讨。     

Impacts of Privatization of Customary Land Rights in Zambia: A Comparative Study of Rural and Peri‐urban Locations

In its quest for development, Zambia is pursuing a land policy that facilitates privatization of customary land. This article investigates the effects of privatization in terms of how it shapes people's behaviour and perception of private tenure and related tenure dynamics. Findings have shown that the appetite to privatize land is growing stronger in peri‐urban areas as land becomes more scarce. Furthermore, privatization of land appears to be a threat to traditional political structures as allegiance and loyalty towards chiefs diminish and tension and struggles over land in peri‐urban areas increase. Similarly, privatization of land erodes people's faith in the role that cultural and ancestral beliefs play in traditional land management. Also, people in rural areas tend to favour private tenure more if ‘privatization of customary land’ means allocation of land to outsiders. If, by contrast, the phrase is taken to mean communities registering their own land, peri‐urban communities tend to have a stronger desire to register land. Furthermore, rural communities were found to be less informed about land policy and seemed less keen to be involved in land policy processes when compared to peri‐urban residents. However, rural people may have no reason to inform themselves about land policy until they realise that the policy is likely to affect them.     

The ‘Graying’ of ‘Green’ Zones: Spatial Governance and Irregular Settlement in Xochimilco,Mexico City

This article details the evolving social and spatial dynamics of a planning approach that is now being used to regulate irregular or informal settlements in the conservation zone of Xochimilco in the Federal District of Mexico City. As part of the elaboration of ‘normative’ planning policies and practices, this approach counts, maps and then classifies irregular settlements into different categories with distinct land‐use regularization possibilities. These spatial calculations establish a continuum of ‘gray’ spaces, placing many settlements in a kind of planning limbo on so‐called ‘green’ conservation land. The research suggests that these spatial calculations are now an important part of enacting land‐use planning and presenting a useful ‘technical’ veneer through which the state negotiates competing claims to space. Based on a case study of an irregular settlement, the article examines how the state is implicated in the production and regulation of irregularity as part of a larger strategy of spatial governance. The research explores how planning ‘knowledges’ and ‘techniques’ help to create fragmented but ‘governable’ spaces that force communities to compete for land‐use regularization. The analysis raises questions about the conception of informality as something that, among other things, simply takes place outside of the formal planning system.     

The Social Costs of Innovation Policy

Innovation policy is designed to produce social benefits by solving a market failure problem associated with private investment in new knowledge. Yet the social costs of these policy interventions are routinely ignored. We use the Djankov et al. (2003) institutional possibility frontier model to analyse the trade‐offs between the social costs of disorder and those of dictatorship that particular innovation policies impose. We show how different innovation policies impose different types of social costs. We conclude that the case for public support for innovation policies is often both distorted and overstated because of failure to account for social costs.     

Ecosocialization or Countermodernization? Reviewing the Shifting ‘Storylines’ of Transport Planning

In recent decades, in most western countries, conventional transport planning has encountered growing social opposition from environmentalists and increasing scientific criticism on the grounds of its unsustainability. In some places, including the United Kingdom, the assumptions, beliefs and values (‘storylines’) about transport have shifted to some degree away from the car in favour of public and slow forms of transport. The article elaborates a concept of ‘ecosocialization’ to describe and explain the various reform pressures that have sought to reorient transport planning away from car‐dominated approaches. We use this concept in preference to the more familiar one of ‘ecological modernization’ in order to foreground the influence of embedded value systems and habits, as well as institutions and rules, on key pathways of social development. Whilst these reformist pressures and their consequences have been evident for decades, it is also apparent that in other contexts, after moments of subordination to alternative policy settings, conventional car‐dominated transport planning has reasserted its pre‐eminence. Our article explores the shifting discourses and practices of transport planning in three national policy settings, charting the contest between critiques of car‐dominated approaches and those ‘countermodernizing’ forces, especially road building institutions, that have resisted this ‘ecosocialization’.     

生态视域下的土地整治规划设计探析

可持续发展是构建现代化社会的目的,这就要求在建设现代化社会的过程中应当始终保持生态的平衡性,以此达到追求现代化生态的目的。土地整治规划设计是现代化社会建设中的重点工作内容,更应当积极应用生态学理论,顺应社会和时代的发展趋势,满足现代化社会的生态建设需求。基于此,本文从生态视域的角度出发,对土地整治规划设计进行了深入的剖析。     

论土地利用规划存在的问题及对策

土地利用总体规划是政府调控土地资源配置的重要手段。过去的土地利用总体规划客观上存在诸多问题,新一轮规划修编面临更高要求。面对土地利用规划中一系列问题,应加强规划基本问题研究、尽快制订规划专门法规、以可持续发展理念编制规划、重视规划的公众参与以及大力推进规划管理创新等对策。     

城镇化进程中土地集约利用问题分析与对策

阐释土地集约利用内涵以及对当代中国城镇化发展的重要意义,在分析中国城镇化进程中土地利用现状的基础上,指出土地利用过程中存在土地规划方案落实不到位、土地利用粗放、城市土地利用结构布局不合理、城市建筑容积率低、土地使用政策制度不健全等问题,并有针对性的提出政策建议。