An evaluation of the research into the Challenges of Teaching Large Classes in an English as a foreign language （EFL） Context

Teaching large classes in an English as a foreign language （EFL） context has become inevitable in many non-English speaking background countries and is generally regarded as challenging. （LoCastro,2001） This essay will discuss professional views on the problems associated with teaching large classes.     

What Caused the Sharp Downturn in the Chinese Economy during the Global Financial Crisis？ A Critical Note on Causality in Trade Linkage

In responding to a view that attributes sharp downturns in the Chinese economy in late 2008 and early 2009 to the ＂collapse of external demand,＂ the present paper scrutinizes three relevant issues： How have large Chinese importers behaved in a demand-price setting？ How have Chinese commodity imports and exports interacted in recent years？ Did the downturns in China＇s export growth come earlier and were they deeper than those in Chinese import growth？ All answers appear to suggest a conclusion contrary to the abovementioned view： sharp downturns in China＇s trade and economy during the reeent global financial crisis were, to a large extent, caused by certain domestic factors, or by factors that should not be regarded as entirely ＂external. ＂ Insomuch as globalization has advanced, a large economy like China＇s today faces new potential sources of macroeeonomic disturbances, from inside and outside.     

The Application of the BSC in Enterprise Strategy Management

As an achievement appraisal tool, the Balanced Scorecard （BSC） is applied in enterprise＇s strategic management. Combined the strategic goal with the applied process, through a series of index systems, it can make the enterprise＇s prospect accord with reality, as well as the strategic management organizational behavior operation keep unanimity with achievement in the information age.     

Theory of the degree of trust： Toward to the economy of trust The new paradigm

Each company has to reopen different new methods and means in order to maintain high degree of competitive power on the market. The theory of trust developed by the author on the ground of his observations of many years on the market and formed respectively in theory and laws and practices to be applied in the contemporary life of every company, acting on the market have been presented. The theory gives every company concrete decisions to reach a better competitive power on the market in the globalization. The described below theory of degree of trust was developed by Dobrev, M. as a president of consulting company ＂D＆M Dobrev Consulting House＂ （Dobrev, M., 1993）for analysis and trading.     

What Prompts the People＇s Bank of China to Change Its Monetary Policy Stance？ Evidence from a Discrete Choice Model

In the present paper, we model the policy stance of the People＇s Bank of China （PBC） as a latent variable, and the discrete changes in the reserve requirement ratio, policy interest rates, and the scale of open market operations are taken as signals of movement of this latent variable. We run a discrete choice regression that relates these observed indicators of policy stance to major trends of macroeconomic and financial developments, which are represented by common factors extracted from a large number of variables. The predicted value of the estimated model can then be interpreted as the implicit policy stance of the PBC. In a second step, we estimate how much of the variation in the PBC＇ s implicit stance can be explained by measures of its policy objectives on inflation, growth and financial stability. We find that deviations of CPI inflation from an implicit target and deviations of broad money growth from the announced targets, but not output gaps, figure significantly in the PBC＇s policy changes.     

Marketing and Territorial Factors： An Integrated Study of the Accommodation Choice in the Island of La Palma

The literature has highlighted the relevance of segmenting the tourism market as a start point for developing the right tourism policy recommendations. The present study examines the rural tourism market on the island of La Palma （Canary Islands） and its relationship with territorial factors. Specifically, it attempts to establish the role played in tourists＇ accommodation location choice by territorial and related factors （for instance, the area of the island, proximity to the beach, hours of sunshine, etc.） compared to other factors. A sample of 316 tourists who holidayed in rural tourism accommodation in La Palma during the period from July to September in 2007 was selected for this purpose. The methodology consisted of a preliminary analysis of the associations between the variables and their modalities, followed by a multiple correspondence analysis （MCA）. The results of the study allow to conclude that the weight of territorial variables in the choice of destination and accommodation location can vary substantially depending on the market segment considered.     

Scale of China''''s Income Redistribution

The issue of income redistribution has drawn widespread attention in recent years as China's income gap has been widening. In particular, as the number of the urban poor has been on the rise, the call for strengthening income distribution has become ever louder. How wide is the coverage of income redistribution in China? How large is the current scale of China's income redistribution? What problems exist in the process of income redistribution? This article is going to make a preliminary probe into these questions.     

On the Lost of One＇s Self and Dream：A Criticism of the Novel＂In the Pond＂by Ha Jin On the Lost of One＇s Self and Dream：A Criticism of the Novel＂In the Pond＂by Ha Jin On the Lost of One＇s Self and Dream：A Criticism of the Novel＂In the Pond＂by Ha Jin

In the novel“In the pond”, Ha Jin prestents to the readers a complicated character Shao Bin, who, at the beginnig, strives to fight against the power and in the end surrenders to it. During the long confrontation to the leaders, Shao Bin has indeed left no stone unturned to obtain what he deserves and people in the lower class have ever suported him, but they al end up conpromising to the power and authority. They final y lost their selves and dreams. And they are easily bought of because in the depth of their hearts, the ideology of of ical standard prevails so much that they misuse it as a disguise for their evil doings.     

Clusters Pulled by FDI in China and the Development of the SMEs： Theory and Typical Cases Study

In China, clusters are divided into two categories according to their initial power. One category is the spontaneous and endogenous industrial cluster represented by clusters of a range of small and medium-sized private enterprises such as those in Zhejiang. The other represents those attracted by the foreign direct investment （FDI） such as those in Guangdong and Jiangsu. This paper focuses on the second type. It is an attempt to analyze the role of FDI in the development of industry clusters. It also tries to explain how existing clusters attract new FDI. The factors that constrain the promotion and development of SME clusters are also examined in this research. The countermeasures of promoting the healthy development of clusters and SMEs further are put forward.     

Chinese macro-countermeasures to the continuous booming of global investment on research and development

The global research and development （R＆D） investment has increased steadily. Comparing with leading countries in the world, the R＆D investment in China still has a big gap. In order to stimulate more R＆D investment, China should adopt more effective macro-countermeasures, such as appraising the performance of R＆D investment supported by government, designing incentive policies to encourage more R＆D investment by the whole society （particularly the enterprises）.     

Analysis of the Misunderstanding in Investment Project Economic Appraisal Theory

The internal rate of return （IRR） is often used as the project marginal revenue to ascertain project optimal scale and gain the minimum attractive rate of return （MARR） in investment project economic appraisal theory. This paper proves that the internal rate of return doesn＇t accord with the meaning of marginal revenue from the point of view of theory and practice and only net present value ratio （NPVR） and net invest-profit rate （N/K） can accord with the meaning of marginal revenue. This is also the reason that IRR ranking method can＇t guarantee the selection result is optimum when capital rationing doesn＇t divide up the project. Therefore other indicators ranking methods except NPVR and N/K, all lack theory foundation and are approximate methods in practical application.     

Study on the model of knowledge map based on concept clustering

Focusing on the issue of knowledge sharing in organization knowledge management, a knowledge map model using knowledge space triple （knowledge, property, relation） as context is given to build knowledge map, which is based on concept clustering algorithm. In this model, knowledge and its relations are organized and described correctly. And it is efficiently and conveniently to search needed knowledge in organization knowledge sharing, and exert maximum effect of knowledge capital.     

Retesting the Separability of China＇s Rural Households

This article retests the separability of China’s rural households in light of growing doubt about the sustainability of high economic growth in China.If a household’s production decisions are "separable "from the household’s consumption decisions,generally this suggests there is no surplus labor.Many scholars aver that China’s surplus rural labor has spurred rapid economic growth,but concerns have arisen as to whether China still has surplus labor available.We investigate this issue using rural household panel data from 1993 to 2009.The regression results confirm that households in rural China have progressed from being non-separable to separable.The estimation results for both the entire country and regions reject the separability hypothesis before 2004 but fail to reject the hypothesis after 2004(with the exception of the central region).These results suggest that China ’s surplus labor supply is dwindling,especially in the eastern and the western regions.The sustainability of China’s high economic growth is questionable in the absence of a large reservoir of surplus rural labor.     

Policy Options for China＇s Bio-ethanol Development and the Implications for Its Agricultural Economy

The present paper analyzes the potential impacts of bio-ethanol expansion on agricultural production, food prices and farmers＇ incomes in different regions of China. The results show that increase in demand for feedstock to produce bio-ethanol will lead to large increase in the prices of agricultural products. The increase in prices will trigger a significant rise in the production of feedstock at the cost of lower rice and wheat production. The study also reveals that the impacts of bio-ethanol on farmers＂ incomes vary largely among regions and farmer groups. Given the expected expansion of bio-ethanol production in the future, and the limited land resources for feedstock production in China, the viability of different crops as feedstock for bio-ethanol requires careful analysis before a large-scale expansion of China＇s bio-ethanol program. Bio-ethanol production in China should be relying more on the second generation of bio-ethanol technologies （i.e. using celluloses to produce bio-ethanol）, and China＇s government should increase research investment in this field.     

The Comprehensive Development of Professional Education under the Guidance of Life-long Education

Life-long Education has become an idea of global influence. Governments all over the world are paying increasing attention to the building of ＂learning organizations＂. The thesis maintains that polytechnics, playing a vital role in the construction of local life-long educational systems, must adopt the innovative educational philosophy and orient themselves towards their target market in order to serve the ever growing and changing demand. By developing individuals＇ life-long employability, vocational colleges are well in the position to serve as the leader of the ＂leaming communities＂ and the source of the infectious passion for leaming （radiating infectious passion for learning）.     

Measuring the Quality of Life in the Workplace （QLW） Through Job Diagnostic Survey （JDS）： Comparative Study on Two Legal Nature Differentiated Organizations

The article presents a theoretical-empirical reflection about concepts, models, and practices of Quality of Life at Work （QLW） in organizations of different legal nature. The initial proposition of the research suggested that private organizations, that are more susceptible to competitive pressures in the market for resources and the uncertainties regarding the employability tend to have worse indicators of QLW than the public organizations that exhibit greater control over their influx of resources and greater stability in jobs that are offered. The literature review included the concepts and models of QLW as well as the characteristics and application methodology of the Job Diagnostic Survey （JDS）, and your score on Task Motivational Potential （TMP）, as instruments of evaluating the dimensional indicators of QLW in organizations. In methodological terms, we proceeded to a multiple case study comparative, supported by the application of the reduced version of JDS, through its questionnaire that has already been validated in previous studies in two organizations, a private foundation supporting university and a public company of electricity supply, both located in the State of Amazonas-Brazil. The research findings using the JDS instrument indicated failed to detect significant differences between the scores of TMP between the two organizations, nor any robust correlation between their respective legal personalities and environments of institutional performance. Nevertheless, the small differences found suggest a framework of indicators of QLW slightly more favorable to the foundation of university support.     

Issues on Future of Offshoring and Global Sourcing

In recent years, outsourcing strategies have undergone a profound evolution, moving from being a pure make or buy tactical decision to becoming part of strategy. By tradition, firms originally considered outsourcing as a solution to short-term problems, such as a sudden or unexpected increase in demand, an interruption in plant or equipment functioning, or the launch of a new product. Today firms consider outsourcing as a network of stable agreements with specialized suppliers as part of a long-term strategic perspective. The tendency is to attain offshoring and global sourcing. However, researchers are unanimous in recognizing that there are many obstacles to adopting a long-term outsourcing and offshoring strategies. They have also been heavily criticized by governments （the U.S. and Europe in particular） as recognized as a cause of further weakening national economies. Recently, some studies and research found that the large multinational corporations, mainly in the United States, are moving their production back or considering it such a strategic decision in the near future. So what is the future for offshoring and global sourcing？     

China＇s Exchange Rate and Financial Repression： The Conflicted Emergence of the RMB as an International Currency

Instability in the worm dollar standard, as most recently manifested in the US Federal Reserve＇s near-zero interest rate policy, has caused consternation in emerging markets with naturally higher interest rates. China has been provoked into speeding RMB ＂internationalization ＂; that is, opening up domestic financial markets to reduce its dependence on the US dollar for invoicing trade and making international payments. However, despite rapid percentage growth in offshore financial markets in RMB, the Chinese authorities are essentially trapped into maintaining exchange controls （reinforced by financial repression in domestic interest rates） to avoid an avalanche of foreign capital inflows that would threaten inflation and asset price bubbles by driving nominal interest rates on RMB assets down further. Because a floating （appreciating） exchange rate could attract even more hot money inflows, the People＇s Bank of China should focus on keeping the yuan/dollar rate stable so as to encourage naturally high wage increases to help balance China ＂s international competitiveness. However, further internationalization of the RMB, as with the proposed Shanghai pilot free trade zone, is best deferred until world interest rates rise to more normal levels.     

Apply the network information technology to build credit systems and reduce credit costs

This paper first dissertates about the significance of credit building after China entering to the WTO in terms of the credit trades, the gap between China and the western countries in credit building, and the higher requirements of network integrity for credit building; Second, specifically analyzes the four aspects of contents involved in the concept of credit cost and the character of large fluctuation range; Third, sets forth the truth that ＂credit is invaluable＂ and points out that China still has to reduce credit costs; Fourth, from the relationship between normative economics and positive economics, demonstrates that credit, as well as technology （in a broad sense）, is an indispensable basic element for the network economy, and to reduce economic operating costs, the situation of seriously laggard credit building has to be turned as soon as possible; At last, offers specific proposals on how to build a credit system in terms of investigating and assessing credit conditions, applying the network information technology to build credit systems, laying a property right foundation for credit building, building an institutionalized credit system, and developing the credit industry.