专业化农户农地流转及其福利效应——基于1079个苹果种植户的实证分析

本文通过构建专业化农户农地流转理论模型探索专业化农户农地流转的制约因素,并从固定资产不可分性、专业化分工、交易成本节约等方面分析农地流转对农户福利的影响机理。研究表明,在"三权分置"农地流转产权制度安排下,农地租赁价格对调节资源配置的杠杆效应有限;专业化农户是否流入农地取决于农户的实物资产专用性、人力资本专用性和农地流转的社会经济风险,而农地流入规模取决于土地的边际收益、生产能力以及农地流转的搜寻成本、谈判成本和执行成本;农地流入会提高农户的福利水平。     

农地流转现状及影响因素分析——以芜湖市为例

<正>确认识当前农地流转的形势,剖析农地流转的主要影响因素,并探讨规范农地流转的对策建议。文章采用安徽省芜湖市4个县和4个区的17份农业大户访谈记录、244份农户调查问卷,利用数理统计的方法,归纳总结了农地流转的现状差异;科学地选取相关指标,利用主成分分析法剖析了农地流转的影响因素。研究结论:(1)农地流转现状差异主要表现在流转方式、流转规模、流转期限和流转价格等4个方面;(2)农地流转是一项受到多方面因素影响的系统工程,其中社会经济发展、经济利益等因素对其影响较大;同时,科技进步、政策法规等因素也从侧面推动农地流转。建议综合协调各方面因素,大力发展地方经济、推广农业新技术、加强法律法规建设,对引导农地高效流转、提高农业综合生产能力,推动农村规模经济发展,具有十分重要的意义。     

农地流转现状及制约因素分析——以云南省为例

做好土地流转与农业规模化经营是发展现代农业的必由之路。文章通过实地调研与文献分析方法,对云南省农用土地流转的现状做出细致分析,同时剖析制约农地流转的关键因素。研究结论如下:(1)目前云南省农用土地流转的规模较大,流转面积在6.7~66.7hm~2之间;流转方式相对单一,主要集中在转包与出租方式上;流转期限存在一定差异,一般流转时间为1~2年。(2)影响农用土地流转因素很多,但其主要影响因素有农户文化教育程度、经济社会发展速度、科学技术及政策法律法规等。该文经过调查研究,提出提高农民认知水平,建立完善的服务体系、加大财政投入,建立土地流转金融支撑体系、完善农地流转政策法规体系的对策建议,这为今后云南省更好开展农用土地流转工作提供政策参考与依据,同时也给其他省市农地流转工作提供借鉴。     

农地流转农户行为因素实证分析——基于沙湾县1050户农户农地流转行为现状的调研

【目的】通过对沙湾县农地流转的实证分析,找出影响沙湾县农地流转的相关因素,为进一步促进农地顺利流转提供科学依据。【方法】应用Logistic模型,从沙湾县社会经济情况、农户家庭情况、农户个人情况和土地资源禀赋四个方面,对影响沙湾县农地流转的因素进行定性和定量分析。【结论】结果表明：农户家庭收入越高、人均耕地面积越大农户越愿意进行土地流转;土地承包经营权证有无、土地流转机构设置和农户是否选择土地流转咸正相关。     

农地流转的化肥减量效应——基于地权流动性与稳定性的分析

研究目的:基于中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2015年数据,探究不同规模和契约下农地流转对农户化肥减量使用的影响机理,为协调农地流转与化肥减量政策提供参考。研究方法:内生转换模型(ESRM)。研究结果:(1)全样本农户的计量模型结果表明农地转入对农户化肥使用强度影响并不显著,种植产业结构变化会引起化肥使用量的巨大变化,机耕道路的完善、农户人均收入的提高有利于化肥减量,有灌溉设施反而会增加化肥使用强度,东中部化肥使用强度也高于西部地区。(2)针对不同规模和契约的分析表明,规模流转有利于发挥地权流动性效应,流转期限延长则可以稳定转入土地的经营权,从而显著降低农户化肥使用强度,同时,规模流转农户化肥使用强度主要受土地质量影响,而小农户化肥使用主要受种植产业结构、机耕道路、灌溉设施、人均收入等因素影响,相较于长期流转,短期流转农户更受限于家庭收入、农业劳动力、年龄等因素而过量使用化肥。(3)异质性分析结果表明,规模扩张对经济作物种植化肥减量作用更明显,而长期流转对粮食作物种植化肥减量影响更显著。研究结论:农地流转对农户化肥使用行为的影响因不同规模与契约而异,政府应协调推进农地流转和化肥减量运动,改善地权流动性以提高要素使用效率,保障地权稳定性以优化农地投资决策,还应针对不同区域、不同类型农户采取差异化政策。     

农地流转对农户土地利用行为及效果影响探究

在农地流转的影响下,农户的土地利用结构、土地投入、土地利用效率发生了改变。通过对现有文献的总结,全面探析农地流转行为对农户土地利用行为及效果的影响,以期阐明国内外学者现有研究的不足及未来的主要研究方向。对文献的梳理得出:农地流转中,"非农化"及"非粮化"倾向明显,且土地流转市场、土地利用比较收益、政府引导是三大主要驱动力;随着农地规模的扩大,单位面积劳动投入减少,劳动产出率提高;农地流转对农地投入及农业生产效率产生何种影响,国内外学者仍存在分歧,这主要是由于现有研究不够系统深入,未考虑土地流转市场、地权稳定性、农户类型、流转方式、流转用途等因素的作用。要充分发挥农地流转对农民收入的促进作用,政府应从完善土地流转市场,提高地权稳定性出发,但如何避免流转农地"非粮化"以确保国家粮食安全仍是一个亟待解决的问题,这也是未来的一个主要研究方向。     

农户土地流转行为影响因素的实证研究——以江苏省为例

农户作为土地流转的主要参与人,其意愿与决策是土地流转的主要依据,因此,研究农地流转过程中农户行为的影响因素对解决农地流转的困境具有重要意义.利用江苏省典型地区的农户调查数据,在农地流转现状分析的基础上,对农户土地流转行为的影响因素进行实证研究.结果表明:农户的农地流转行为是各种因素综合作用的结果,包括社会经济因素、市场与产权状况、参与主体状况;其中,人均承包地面积、人均非农收入、家庭农业人口数和受教育程度是主要的影响因子.     

农村土地流转差序格局形成及政策调整方向——基于合约特征和属性的联合考察

本文基于小麦生产大省的大规模实地调研,经过数据整理,建立经济计量模型,分析了当前河南省农户土地流转行为。结果显示,第一,农地流转仍然处在初级阶段,主要特点是流转规模小、流转期限短并以口头协议为主。第二,土地细碎化是农户土地流转原因之一。第三,农地流转呈现"差序格局"状态,流转对象以近缘社会关系为主。第四,种粮补贴推高土地流转费用,土地确权明显降低转出规模,大规模农地流转更加艰难。据此,为搞好农村土地流转,本文提出,第一,尊重农户土地流转的自主权,防止任何过激行为。第二,提高转出农户收入和社保水平,降低转出土地的机会成本。第三,农业政策重点应放在土地利用效率、生态环境保护、降低土地流转费用方面。第四,提高农业机械使用效率,降低农业机械使用成本,弥补人工成本上升的负面效应。最后,加强农村土地流转市场管理,推进土地流转市场规范化发展。     

风险规避对农户农地流转行为的影响——基于吉鲁陕湘 4 省调研数据的实证分析

研究目的:从风险规避的角度研究其对农户农地流转行为的影响。研究方法:基于吉林、山东、陕西和湖南4省559个农户的调查数据进行实证分析。研究结果:(1)风险规避显著影响农户农地转出的可能性和农地转出的规模,但并不显著影响农户农地转入的可能性和农地转入的规模。(2)户主的性别、年龄、非农就业经历及村级流转管制等也是影响农户农地流转行为的重要因素。研究结论:应通过做细做实农地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作、加强对流转的规范管制、推动农村劳动力非农就业来促进农地使用权有序流转。     

农户农地经营权抵押贷款可获性及其影响因素——基于农村金融改革试验区2518个农户样本

研究目的:揭示已开展农地经营权抵押贷款业务的农村金融改革试验区农户农地经营权抵押贷款可获性不高的现象并解释其原因。研究方法:问卷调查、有序Logistic回归模型。研究结果:(1)规模农户和小农户土地抵押贷款可获得性具有差异性;(2)土地产权流转市场较小、土地评估机制不健全、农户承包经营权证不随经营权流转、农村土地确权颁证尚未完成、信贷风险分摊机制等制度基石尚未完全确立等因素降低了农户农地经营权抵押贷款的可获得性。研究结论:农地经营权抵押贷款的进一步推广需要提高银行对抵押土地的处置能力,简化规模农户贷款手续,同时完善信贷风险分摊机制。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.