家庭农场退出诱发的专用性资产问题研究

研究目的:明确家庭农场专用性资产的构成和特点,探究家庭农场退出对专用性资产的影响,提出家庭农场退出时专用性资产的处置策略与方案。研究方法:文献资料法、规范分析法。研究结果:在家庭农场退出时,应当妥善处理好专用性资产的闲置浪费、权利归属不清晰、价值评估与补偿等问题,否则,不利于家庭农场正常有序的进入机制和退出机制的构建。研究结论:(1)在家庭农场退出时,应通过家庭农场的整体转让、整体出租或者专业机构托管经营等途径,盘活专用性资产,帮助家庭农场主收回前期投资;(2)依据竞争性和排他性为标准,区分产品的不同类型,对照确定专用性资产的权利主体归属,并通过完善法律赋予设施农用地等专用性资产的物权属性;(3)组建家庭农场资产评估小组,建立公开、公正、透明的专用性资产评估程序,选择科学的方法评估专用性资产的价值,根据实际情况,合理确定专用性资产的补偿主体。     

关于农业集体经济组织成员权的法律探讨

农业集体经济组织与其成员之间缺乏必要的进入与退出机制,关键是成员权不明确.农业集体经济组织是一个独立的民事法律主体,其成员权主要包括土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权、监督管理权和分取收益权、土地承包经营权属于最基本的成员权,可以独立表明成员身份,其他成员权都属于基本成员权的派生权利,因此,家庭承包方式对农业集体经济组织成员权存在着多方面的影响.     

家庭农场经营模式下参与主体目标取向及社会效益分析

家庭农场是新型农业经营组织形式,代表着现代农业规模化发展的方向,区别于小农经济背景下单一家庭完全依赖自身资源独自耕种的模式,家庭农场是由多主体力量共同参与的结合体,家庭农场主、土地流出户、村委会是家庭农场经营组织形式中主要的参与主体。通过分析参与主体不同的目标取向与社会效益,发现在家庭农场中,家庭农场主需要获利,土地流出户要求保障,村委会要行使权力,基于不同目标取向,各主体的行为对家庭农场的发展与农村社会的演变产生了促进或者破坏的社会效益。家庭农场主成为农村致富带头人,稳定了农业种植行为;土地流出户追求流转利益最大化,破坏了乡村人际关系;村委会在家庭农场建设中收获了政治利益,但其寻租行为带来了村民信任危机。因此,为了促进家庭农场健康有序地发展,政府要从微观角度出发,更多考虑参与主体目标与所产生的社会效益,合理制定适合三个主体共同协调发展的政策措施。     

试论土地经营权租赁合同的完善——基于102个家庭农场的调研

研究目的:对中国土地经营权租赁合同内容的完善进行具体制度设计。研究方法:采用文献分析法和实证研究法,研究中国土地经营权租赁合同的现状,提出完善建议。研究结果:(1)出租是土地经营权流向家庭农场的主要方式,主要依靠《合同法》中的租赁合同予以规范,已越来越难以满足土地经营权有序流转的需要;(2)土地经营权租赁合同的立法模式选择是进一步完善《农村土地承包法》中的相关法律制度;(3)土地经营权租赁合同的具体制度设计应当以出租人和承租人的权利为主要内容,具体包括:出租人的法定优先权和法定解除权,承租人的减少租金请求权、改善土地或者增设他物的权利以及优先续约权。研究结论:土地经营权租赁合同的完善应当立足于中国新型农业经营主体的培育和发展,符合土地经营权有序流转的需要。     

拥有什么条件才能成为家庭农场主——经营规模测算及自立能力分析

家庭农场须具备必要的土地经营规模,如果经营这些土地所获得的务农收入达到或超过外出打工的收入,那么家庭农场主就能在理论上实现自立。但现实生活中家庭农场主很难实现经济或人格意义上的自立,其原因在于成功的家庭农场经营除了要具备土地要素外,还要具备资本、劳动、企业家才能等方面的要素。在当前农村,不稳定的土地转包租约、不算富裕的资金实力、不够充足的季节性工人、不能承受各类经营风险,共同造成当前家庭农场主自立能力不强、职业忠诚度较差。因此,家庭农场是一件"舶来品"和"奢侈品",要培育新型农业经营主体,必须走中国特色的家庭农场之路。     

家庭农场经营绩效及其影响因素研究——基于三阶段DEA的实证分析

家庭农场是当前农业生产中的重要主体,家庭农场绩效水平关系到家庭农场未来发展与农场主的生活质量。本文利用三阶段数据包络分析法(DEA)在剔除环境因素与随机误差的影响下测评家庭农场经营绩效并对其影响因素进行分析,结果表明家庭农场绩效水平仍有待提高,农场主受教育水平、年龄、农场距离、是否征收土地流转管理费、区域经济水平、自然灾害都对家庭农场绩效产生影响。基于此本文提出提高家庭农场经营绩效的具体措施包括:从家庭农场主角度来说应提高自身综合素质,从政府角度来说应加强对土地流转管理费的管理、及时发布市场信息、加强自然灾害防控。     

家庭农场 松江农业经营的主角

松江家庭农场成功的秘诀在于推进过程中能够牢牢把握四项原则:一是依法自愿有偿,并遵循本集体经济组织成员优先原则;二是紧紧依靠本地劳动力原则;三是适度规模经营原则;四是经营者适优原则,建立考核和退出机制。家庭农场具有经营规模化、组织形式多样化、生产经营专业化等基本特征,是一种新型的市场主体类型。家庭农场依然维持农户为基本的经营主体,在不违反现行农地使用制度和尊重农户意愿基础上,通过耕地流转,将土地、劳力、农机等生产要素的适当集中实现集约     

村集体在建立规模化家庭农场结构中的角色作用

文章基于土地流转背景下,以吉登斯的结构化理论为基础,构建以家庭农场主、土地流出户、村集体、地方政府为行动者的家庭农场结构,探讨在地方政府的引导与监督下,村集体与家庭农场主、土地流出户利益博弈的过程。分析村集体为了实现集体资产的保值增值,与家庭农场结构产生互动。村集体的行为既受到外部政策制度方面的约束,又受到内部管理自主性的约束;村集体通过自己的能动性反作用于家庭农场结构,最大限度地弥补外部政策制度的缺失,通过自己的实践经验突破家庭农场结构的内部制约。促使家庭农场结构不断改变,产生新的规则与资源,再形成新的结构,并在实践中接受新的调整与改变,经历新结构化过程,保持着动态的变迁。在与家庭农场结构的互动过程中,村集体发挥着沟通协调、经营协助、中介桥梁、引导服务等角色作用,实现农村集体经济的健康发展。同时促进家庭农场结构中各行动者利益的实现。     

农村集体经济组织与集体资产权属问题刍议

农村集体资产的运营主体是农村集体经济组织,农村集体资产的所有权人是农村集体经济组织成员。但由于80年代中央提出政社分开的改革目标没有真正落到实处,以及国家对农村集体经济组织及其成员立法规制不完善,当前农村集体资产运营主体及所有权人相当混乱。为解决此问题,必须修改完善现行法律、明确农村集体经济组织为农村集体资产经营管理的唯一法定主体、界定农村集体经济组织成员资格、对集体资产存量较大的农村集体经济组织实行股份合作制改革、在“村改居”社区实行居民自治组织与集体经济组织分离的管理体制。     

农村土地承包关系长久不变:内涵、挑战与建议

农村土地承包关系长久不变的内涵应同时包括土地家庭经营形式长久不变、合同期限内农户与集体之间的承包关系长久不变、土地承包经营权的权能更加完整三个方面的内容。落实农村土地承包关系长久不变主要面临着农民对土地承包经营权的成员权意识、具体的可供操作的政策规定缺失、法律滞后及法律规定之间的不一致等方面的挑战。相关的政策建议是:第一,在以二轮承包到期后继续延长农民土地承包经营权,承包期为70年,承包期内实行以户为单位,"生不增、死不减"。与此相关的支撑性政策设计和法律法规修订包括,适时制定农村集体经济组织条例,主要明确农村集体经济组织的法人地位、经济类型,成员资格的界定、成员的权利责任和义务以及成员的进入和退出的相关制度安排;围绕农民承包地用益物权的性质,进行农村土地承包法和其他法律的修订工作;建立由政府主导、面向失地少地农民的土地保障制度;实行农村社会保障向失地少地农户倾斜。第二,赋予农民土地承包权更完整的权能。主要包括,赋予农民土地承包权抵押、担保权能;赋予农民土地承包经营权入股权;建立健全农村土地承包经营权退出机制。第三,修改国家征地补偿标准和办法。按照"占谁补谁"的原则来分配征地补偿费。实行土地承包期"长久不变"后,应变按30年补偿为按70年补偿。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.