美国自动减支机制的由来、影响和应对策略

2013年3月启动的美国自动减支政策将对美国经济复苏和就业,以及公共产品供给产生一定的负面影响,但程度不大。为促进就业、继续保持经济恢复性增长,一定程度上冲销自动减支政策的负面影响,在目前至2014年中期选举之前,美国将继续维持量化宽松货币政策,实行较紧缩性财政政策和扩张性货币政策的搭配使用。由于美国政策具有较强的外溢效应,由此给我国经济发展造成一定的影响,需要我们加强对美政策和形势走向的研判,及时采取有效应对措施。     

后危机时代难求政策平衡

从表面上看，目前各国宏观经济政策的确陷入了两难境地：继续扩张性政策，可能会进一步助长通胀预期，并引发一系列新风险；如果贸然转向紧缩性政策，难免会伤及并不牢固的经济增长基础。下一步何去何从，如何在保持刺激经济政策与抑制资产价格泡沫间保持一个适度的平衡，成了让政策制定者头疼的问题。     

货币政策效应区域非对称性研究

引 言 对货币政策效应非对称的研究最早可以追溯到20世纪初期,在20世纪20年代之前,人们一直认为货币政策效应是完美对称的.1941年Hansen的研究发现,20世纪30年代美国经济大萧条时期的货币政策效应具有不对称性:紧缩性货币政策能够抑制经济增长,而扩张性货币政策对刺激经济增长的作用并不显著.     

货币政策效应区域非对称性研究——基于西北五省区的实证分析

对货币政策效应非对称的研究最早可以追溯到2011世纪初期，在20世纪20年代之前，人们一直认为货币政策效应是完美对称的。1941年Hansen的研究发现，20世纪30年代美国经济大萧条时期的货币政策效应具有不对称性：紧缩性货币政策能够抑制经济增长，而扩张性货币政策对刺激经济增长的作用并不显著。     

全球财政政策与货币政策组合:重回双扩张

历史轮回政策组合:从趋同到分化12年前,世界相继经历了美国次贷危机、全球金融危机和欧洲主权债务危机,为了应对危机冲击,许多国家尤其是主要发达经济体的政策组合向“松松搭配”快速趋同.随着世界经济恢复,政策组合开始分化,2015-2018年政策组合分歧扩大.当时特朗普政府和英国政府的政策组合是“松紧搭配”,即“扩张性财政政策+紧缩性货币政策”;欧元区和日本政府的政策组合是“紧松组合”,即“紧缩性财政政策+极度宽松的货币政策”.     

试论我国扩张性财政政策与货币政策的协调配合

从１９９８年下半年以来，我国政府实施扩张性财政和货币政策以推动经济的增长。就目前经济运行状况而言，这些政策的实施虽然在一定程度上起到刺激经济增长的作用，但依然没有从根本上解决我国经济中存在的通货紧缩、有效需求不足及经济增长乏力等问题，还需要我们进一步地探讨和研究。     

经济刺激计划的隐藏成本、未来取向与中国的结构调整:一个美国样本

在经济萧条时,经济刺激计划对于避免震荡、稳定市场、恢复信心、促进增长有重要作用.但当经济止跌企稳时,经济刺激计划要适时调整,否则会带来政府财政负担加大,赤字增加,潜在通货膨胀压力加大,财政政策的挤出效应,助长道德风险等一系列负外部效应.本文以美国为例,分析了美国经济救援和经济刺激计划的负外部效应,从退出依据、退出时机以及退出路径三个方面对经济刺激政策的退出策略进行了比较研究,并提出了中国下一步的政策走向.     

美国经济刺激计划的负效应分析及启示

在经济萧条时,经济刺激计划对于避免震荡、稳定市场、恢复信心、促进增长有重要作用.但当经济止跌企稳时,经济刺激计划要适时退出,否则会带来政府财政负担加大,赤字增加,潜在通货膨胀压力加大,财政政策的挤出效应,助长道德风险和逆市场化改革等一系列负外部效应.本文以美国为例,分析了美国经济救援和经济刺激计划的负外部效应.最后,提出了对中国四万亿经济刺激计划实施的反思与启示.     

关于中美贸易战的前瞻分析

中美贸易摩擦是当前世界经济的热点问题,受到了广泛关注。由于中美两国经济实力对比出现了明显变化、美国贸易逆差不断加大以及中美知识产权领域纠纷加剧,中美贸易摩擦具有存在的客观必然性。为了解决中美贸易摩擦,需要两国采取务实措施,力争实现"双赢",从而不断化解矛盾。建议中国加大对美国基础产业、基础设施投资力度等措施,不断缩减中美贸易逆差;我国在宏观经济政策领域,需要将紧缩性的政策及时调整为逆周期的扩张性的财政和货币政策,以便减缓经济下行压力。     

论“七五”时期的货币政策

货币政策是一个国家进行宏观控制所制定的重要政策之一。货币政策是由中央银行控制货币供应量、影响利息率及经济中的信贷供应程度等行为所组成。不论哪个国家所制定的货币政策,均可分为扩张性的和紧缩性的两种。扩张性的货币政策是通过提高货币供应增长速     

固定汇率、经济危机与流动性陷阱——从历史视角看希腊危机

欧洲中央银行宽松的货币政策,对债务危机与金融危机交织在一起业已跌入流动性陷阱的南欧各国经济没有起到任何作用。追溯20世纪30年代的全球经济大萧条、1997年东南亚金融危机以及2002年阿根廷债务危机可以发现,僵化的汇率制度只是经济危机的导火索,失衡的财政支出和经济结构才是危机根源。当前,欧元区各国经济复苏只能在紧缩财政支出、改革经济结构和财政预算的基础上,通过货币财政政策合作解决。     

Monetary policy and bank risk-taking: Evidence from the corporate loan market

Our study of the corporate loan pricing policies of U.S. banks over the past two decades shows that loan spreads for riskier firms become relatively lower during periods of monetary policy easing compared to tightening. This effect is driven by banks with greater risk appetite, measured from individual banks’ answers to the Senior Loan Officers Opinion Survey. Our results hold with different fixed effects that account for time-varying observed and unobserved heterogeneity of credit demand and bank lending conditions that are not directly related to monetary policy. Together with our survey-based measure of bank risk appetite, we provide compelling evidence of the presence of a bank risk-taking channel of monetary policy in the U.S.     

U.S. Monetary Policy and International Bond Markets

This paper analyzes how U.S. monetary policy affects the pricing of dollar‐denominated sovereign debt. We document that yields on dollar‐denominated sovereign bonds are highly responsive to U.S. monetary policy surprises—during both the conventional and unconventional policy regimes—and that the passthrough of unconventional policy to foreign bond yields is, on balance, comparable to that of conventional policy. In addition, a conventional U.S. monetary easing (tightening) leads to a significant narrowing (widening) of credit spreads on sovereign bonds issued by countries with a speculative‐grade credit rating but has no effect on the corresponding weighted average of bilateral exchange rates for a basket of currencies from the same set of risky countries; this indicates that an unanticipated tightening of U.S. monetary policy widens credit spreads on risky sovereign debt directly through the financial channel, as opposed to indirectly through the exchange rate channel. During the unconventional policy regime, yields on both investment‐ and speculative‐grade sovereign bonds move one‐to‐one with policy‐induced fluctuations in yields on comparable U.S. Treasuries. We also examine whether the response of sovereign credit spreads to US monetary policy differs between policy easings and tightenings and find no evidence of such asymmetry.     

货币政策效力在经济周期与政策方向上的非对称性研究

货币政策效力的非对称性主要包括经济周期上的非对称性和政策方向上的非对称性。在考虑了主要相关变量后,本文分别对两种非对称性进行了检验。结果表明：我国货币政策对实际产出存在经济周期上的非对称性,即经济扩张时效应要大于紧缩时期的效应;货币政策对实际产出存在政策方向上的非对称性,即紧缩性货币政策的效力要大于扩张性货币政策的效力,同时前者的持续时间更长。     

The International Bank Lending Channel of Monetary Policy Rates and QE: Credit Supply,Reach‐for‐Yield,and Real Effects

We identify the international credit channel by exploiting Mexican supervisory data sets and foreign monetary policy shocks in a country with a large presence of European and U.S. banks. A softening of foreign monetary policy expands credit supply of foreign banks (e.g., U.K. policy affects credit supply in Mexico via U.K. banks), inducing strong firm‐level real effects. Results support an international risk‐taking channel and spillovers of core countries’ monetary policies to emerging markets, both in the foreign monetary softening part (with higher credit and liquidity risk‐taking by foreign banks) and in the tightening part (with negative local firm‐level real effects).     

Labor Market and Financial Shocks: A Time-Varying Analysis

We estimate a time-varying VAR model to analyze the effects of a financial shock on the U.S. labor market. We find that a tightening of financial conditions is highly detrimental to the labor market. We show that while negative financial shocks have been responsible for increases in unemployment, our model does not find significant contributions of financial shocks during periods of expansion. The source of this asymmetry is the time-varying standard deviation of the identified shock, which is higher in times of financial distress; on the other hand, we find that the transmission mechanism does not significantly change over time.     

货币政策与宏观审慎政策的协调

本文在梳理学术文献和国际经验基础上,讨论了货币政策与宏观审慎政策之间的潜在冲突和协调机制。国际文献的初步结论是,为了同时实现价格稳定和金融稳定目标,大部分情况下需要货币政策与宏观审慎政策反向操作(由于政策的替代性),但有时也需要两者同向操作(由于政策的互补性),最优政策组合取决于宏观冲击的类别和风险的来源。本文认为,选择最优组合是一个复杂的理论和实证问题,除了冲击类别和风险来源外,不同的金融体制和经济周期阶段也会影响选择结果。因此,货币政策当局与宏观审慎当局之间需要建立有效的协调机制,并加强对货币政策和宏观审慎政策“溢出效应”的分析能力。基于上述理论,针对我国“双支柱”决策的现状和问题提出如下改革建议:一是从法律上明确中央银行的金融稳定职责。二是建立在同一框架内分析货币政策与宏观审慎政策的方法和工具。三是将金融监管部门的主要宏观审慎政策决策权集中至中央银行。四是建立货币政策与宏观审慎政策的协调流程与机制。     

Heterogeneous effects of macroprudential policies on firm leverage and value

We empirically investigate the effect of financial institution-targeted macroprudential policies on firms using a comprehensive macroprudential policy dataset and corporate panel data across 35 countries. We find that tightening of macroprudential measures persistently curbs the leverage of firms, while loosening is related to the increase in leverage. We also find that this effect on leverage is heterogeneous across firms, as net macroprudential policy actions reduce the procyclicality of leverage more significantly for small firms and firms with high leverage. Also, we estimate the effect of macroprudential policies on firm value to evaluate potential policy trade-offs as the policies restrict the firms' access to credit during economic booms while protecting them from future financial crises. The effect of macroprudential policies on firm value is generally positive despite the policies' restrictive nature. Further, the effect on firm value is heterogeneous depending on firm characteristics: the positive effect becomes stronger as firms are less leveraged, but this positive effect is weaker for firms that grow faster, suggesting potential costs of macroprudential policies for these firms.     

美国货币政策溢出效应、中国资产价格波动与资本账户管理

本文以2016年美国加息事件为背景,研究美国货币政策对中国资本流动、资产价格和宏观经济的影响。基于小国开放动态随机一般均衡模型,本文梳理了美国货币政策溢出效应的具体传导渠道,发现国外利率升高后,资本流动具有外部性,导致国内资产价格下跌,其通过金融加速器进一步使国内投资下降、资产价格进一步下跌,从而使得国内资产预期回报进一步下降,加剧资本外流。基于政策和福利分析,本文发现资本账户管理可以有效缓解国外利率冲击对经济波动的影响,同时会提高货币政策的独立性,但也会影响国民财富的最优配置。因此,最优的资本账户管理应同时兼顾宏观审慎和效率两个方面。     

Monetary policy and macroprudential policy: Rivals or teammates?

This paper sheds some light on situations in which monetary and macroprudential policies may interact (and potentially get into conflict) and contributes to the discussion about the coordination of those policies. Using data for the Czech Republic and five euro area countries we show that monetary tightening has a negative impact on the credit-to-GDP ratio and the non-risk-weighted bank capital ratio (i.e. a positive impact on bank leverage), while these effects have strengthened considerably since mid-2011. This supports the view that accommodative monetary policy contributes to a build-up of financial vulnerabilities, i.e. it boosts the credit cycle. On the other hand, the effect of the higher bank capital ratio is associated with some degree of uncertainty. For these and other reasons, coordination of the two policies is necessary to avoid an undesirable policy mix preventing effective achievement of the main objectives in the two policy areas.